1. Aqueous Solutions
Sections 17.3 and 4

2. Solvents and Solutes Aqueous Solutions Solvent Solute
Water containing dissolved substances
Solvent
The material that is doing the dissolving
Solute
The dissolved particles

3. Solutions Homogeneous Mixtures (the same throughout) Stable mixtures
air

4. The Solution Process Solvation Let’s take a closer look!!
Process by which a solute dissolves
Some ionic compounds are too strong to be broken apart by water
Insoluble
“Like dissolves like”
Only polar solvents can dissolve polar and ionic compounds
Non-polar solvents can only dissolve non-polar compounds
Let’s take a closer look!!

5. Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes
Compounds that conduct electric current in aqueous solution or molten state
All ionic compounds
Only if they are soluble
Nonelectrolytes
Compounds that do not conduct
Most covalent compounds
Some very polar compounds are electrolytes
Acids, NH3, (see Table 17.3)

6. Weak vs. Strong Weak Electrolyte Strong Electrolyte
Most of the solute is un-ionized
Mercury (II) chloride
Strong Electrolyte
Almost all of the solute exists as ions
Sodium chloride

7. Water of Hydration Water in a crystal
Also called water of crystallization
Hydrates (ex. CuSO4•5H2O)
When heated they lose their water
Effloresce – to lose the water of hydration
When the vapor pressure of the hydrate is higher than that of the water in the air
Hygroscopic – salts or compounds that remove moisture from the air
Desiccants – drying agents
Deliquescent – compounds that remove enough moisture to dissolve completely and form solutions

8. Suspensions Mixtures from which particles settle out upon standing
May be filtered

9. Colloids Heterogeneous mixtures
Particle size between suspensions and true solutions
Gas, liquids, or solids
Examples:
Whipped cream
Marshmallow
Milk
Fog
Smoke
paint

10. Colloidal Systems
Tyndall effect – scattering of light in all directions
Particles in colloids cause this
Brownian motion – the chaotic movement of colloidal particles
Caused by collision with particles of the solvent
May absorb ions from surrounding material