1. 1450- 1750 CE: The “Early Modern” Period The two hemispheres are joined in sustained contact AND so world trade networks flourish- fewer people remain outside of its influence- process of real GLOBALIZATION begins Balance of power in the world shifts in favor of Western Europe Land based empires retain control and power through use of gunpowder (Ottomans, Safavids, Mughals) Labor systems transformed: slavery becomes central to world economy and expands to New World/ social systems established in Americas based on race Previously held belief systems are challenged (Reformation) while in some places reaffirmation of traditional beliefs=stability Population compositions change world wide (plague, contact with Americas, reconfiguration of family, role of women)

2. Chapter 23: Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections 1. What are the preconditions for exploration in the 15 th C? We have seen Transoceanic Encounters Before- EXAMPLES?? We have seen Global Connections Before- EXAMPLES? Political Stability Economic strength and wealth (government taxes or investors) Willingness to take risks Skilled and educated workers Technological Innovation 1. Why the West? Why the West?: Answers lie in: geography political and economic pluralism military inventions empowerment of middle class spirit of invention and free enterprise (By 1900, Europe controlled 85% Of the globe)

4. RECOVERY: Western Europe State Building ( by late 15 th C) Regional states rather than centralized authority HRE in name only: power falls to German princes standing armies established (except England) (FR: 15,000) ability to levy taxes and to keep the nobility in check asserted authority of central govt over nobility Spain united by marriage of Fernando of Aragon and Isabel of Castile (= reconquista) technology strengthened power of the states Grand Prince Ivan III declared independence from Mongol Khan (Golden Horde) City States Began in Italy: Milan, Florence, Venice Rome, Papal States levied direct taxes, issued long term bonds FR: salt and sales tax GB: hearth tax, head tax, plow tax

5. Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453) England vs. France Regional monarchies assert their power for control of FR ends with expulsion of House of Anjou/ victory for House of Valois Cross bow/gunpowder/cannon =

6. RECOVERY: Western Europe The Renaissance “Rebirth” (Greek bible) Art, Architecture, Scholarship and Literature Humanism= (literature, history, moral philosophy: committed to Christianity) Linear Perspective John Gutenberg (1439) (paper from Arabs, who learned from the Chinese) the Medici family Possible to live a virtuous life and not be a monk Michaelangleo (1475-1564) The Sistine Chapel, Vatican City 1473 Lorenzo de Medici Erasmus Harder for the Church to control or censor what was being written

8. Medieval vs. Renaissance Art

9. Raphael: 1483-1520 “The School of Athens” Plato Aristotle Michaelangelo Ptolemy Raphael Socrates

10. Sandro Botticelli: 1444-1510 “Birth of Venus”

11. Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446) El Duomo: 142 feet high, 4 million bricks Rise of towns and cities =  loss of status of nobility and guilds  peasants attain higher standard of living = new consumers  expanded internal markets, demand for goods  fuel desire for new routes to obtain products from Asia

12. Leonardo da Vinci: 1452-1519 “Mona Lisa” Leonardo da Vinci: 1452-1519 “The Last Supper” 1498

13. Individualism = Individuals are capable of great accomplishments Leonardo da Vinci 1452-1519

14. Jan van Eyck: 1395- 1441 “Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and his Wife” Clothing and interior of room= Signs of wealth Inscription on wall: Jan van Eyck was here. 1434 Symbolic of typical gender roles: Woman stands near the bed and Well into the room=caregiver Giovanni stands near open window= Interface with outside world His vertical hand = authority Her obedient gaze but relatively equal, not casting her eyes to ground like lower class She may/may not be pregnant- may Symbolize fertility/ Mirror= eye of God? Hands clasped + Van Eyck testimonial=Marriage contract? Dog = loyaltyGreen = hope Single lit candle = typical Flemish marriage custom

15. Pieter Bruegel: The Peasant Wedding 1568

16. The Ambassadors (1533) is a painting by Hans Holbein the Younger Anatolian carpet Clerical and secular Celestial globe Sun dial Compass Open book Anamorphic skull Telescope Three levels??

17. Mixed Motives: New technologies used in navigation: Chapter 23: Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections

18. Ptolemy’s View of the World (from Geographia c: 150 CE) - allowed European cartographers to reconstruct Ptolemy's world view when an ancient Greek manuscript was translated into Latin around 1300.  Psychological and physical obstacles impeded early exploration  Thought there was a vast southern land mass that would block travel to the East around Africa  Thought the earth was 7/8 land, underestimated size of earth

19. Chinese and European Exploration: 1405-1498 motives = profit (sugarcane, slavery, gold) trade, missionary activity, show of power Portuguese excel: Prince Henry the Navigator (Gibraltor 1415) wanted to avoid Muslim “middlemen” in trade with the East (collapse of the Byzantine Empire in 1453 affected the trade routes… ) 1488: Bartolomeu Dias sailed around Cape of Good Hope 1497-1499 Vasco de Gama : sailed to India and back 1492: Columbus: sailed to the “Indies” (a.k.a San Salvador) “good voyage” = scurvy claimed the lives of only 20% of the crew Da Gama lost 126/170 men

20. Wind and Current Patterns in the World’s Oceans

21. ______________________________________________________________________ 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 CE Prince Henry (P) Alfonso English East James Cook (GB) Motives? d’Albuquerque (P) India Co (GB) Vitus Bering (Russia) Effects?Effects? United East Seven Year’s War India Co (VOC)1756-1763 Bartholomeu Dias (P) (Dutch) Effects? GLOBAL COMPETITION Vasco de Gama (P)MERCANTILISM (Dutch kick out Portugal, Motives? Ferdinand Magellan (S) FR and GB compete for India, Effects?Effects? FR, GB and SP in Americas) Christopher Spain captures Columbus(S) Philippines Motives ?Sir Frances Drake (GB) Russia expands into SiberiaEffects? Effects: FR out of India GB got FR colonies in Canada FR kept Caribbean posts SP kept Cuba GB took Florida GB wins: British hegemony WHY Portugal And Spain first?

23. Martin Behaim: creator of the first spherical globe of the Earth

24. Used Ptolemy’s calculations for circumference = 16,000 miles (9000 miles short) Insisted until the day he died (1504)that he reached Asia

26. Spain Portugal Treaty of Tordesilla 1494 Pope Alexander VI issued a “Line of Demarcation” in 1493…

28. Establishment of Trading Post Empires Portuguese first (economic reasons) Alfonso d’Alboquerque (safe conduct passes?) Portuguese control declines by end of 16 th C (WHY?) English and Dutch Trading Posts English East India Trading Co Dutch United East India Co (VOC) How were these trading companies organized and administered? How were they able to establish themselves in Asia? Spanish in the Philippines Vs. Dutch in Indonesia? (Direct vs. Indirect rule)

29. Roald Amundsen 1872-1928

30. EFFECTS? Demographic (+)/ Migrations of Populations (+)(-) Economic Growth/ Creation of First Global Trading System (+) Creation of New Business Opportunities (+) Global Diffusion of Food and Domestic Animals(+) Increased Health and Nutrition (+) Permanent Alteration of Earth’s Cultural Exchange (+) Environment (-)(+) Devastating Spread of Disease Pathogens (-)

32. Waldeseemuller’s world map 1507

33. Jan Stobnicza 1512

34. European Exploration 1519-1780