1. Troubleshooting low milk fat issues on dairy farms Thomas R. Overton and Dale E. Bauman Department of Animal Science Cornell University DBM 0021b

2. Introduction Low milk fat percentage and yield an important issue in many countries –United States – milk priced based upon yields of milk fat and milk protein –Canada – quota system requires minimum ratio of milk fat to solids-not-fat – otherwise penalties Common for dairy farms to experience short-term (1 to 3 month) decreases in milk fat Can be a frustrating area to troubleshoot

4. Nutritional Factors Non-nutritional Factors genetics Dietary CHO stage of lactation Unsaturated fats season feeding strategy parity ionophores ambient temperature Milk fat Many factors can affect milk fat

5. “Old” understanding of low milk fat Most commonly observed when grain overload/low forage diets Must relate to not enough fiber fermentation –Acetate produced from fiber fermentation is major building block for milk fat –If not enough fiber fermented, may not have enough acetate to make milk fat –Not well-supported by research Must relate to increased insulin in cows fed high energy diets promoting BCS accumulation –Not well-supported by research

6. “New” understanding of low milk fat Not actually new –First advanced as a theory during 1970s Specific fats (fatty acids) produced during microbial metabolism of dietary fats in the rumen are responsible for low milk fat Very potent – 2 to 3 grams of these fatty acids flowing out of the rumen can decrease milk fat by 0.5% or more Mechanism for all situations of low milk fat appears to be the same, but get there in different ways

7. Fatty Acids Long carbon chains that contain a methyl group (CH3) at one end and a carboxyl group (COOH) at the other Fatty acids are what make lipids energy-rich Characterized by: Number of carbons (chain length) Number of double bonds (degree of unsaturation) Location and orientation of these bonds (non-conjugated, conjugated; cis, trans) Courtesy: Dr. A. Lock

8. Fatty Acid Composition of Typical Feedstuffs Feed NameC14:0C16:0C16:1C18:0C18:1CC18:2C18:3 CrnSil6Cp60Ndf11LNdf0.4617.830.362.4219.2447.748.25 AlfSil17Cp43Ndf20LNdf0.6618.811.913.352.0515.9138.71 AlfHy17Cp46Ndf20LNdf0.8525.012.234.012.4318.4936.79 BakeryByProd3.1615.820.189.2926.4133.510.85 CornGrainCrkd2.3313.210.121.9924.0955.701.62 CornGrainGrndFine2.3313.210.121.9924.0955.701.62 CornHM22%Med0.2613.570.191.8325.9955.081.64 FatTallowBeef3.0024.433.7917.9241.621.090.53 FatCornOil0.0011.080.001.5526.9558.951.10 FatSoybeanOil0.1110.830.143.8922.8253.758.23 Megalac1.6050.800.004.1035.707.000.20 EnergyBooster2.9040.000.6240.7010.401.800.00 CornDistEthanol0.1414.050.132.3924.5756.111.68 CottonseedWhlwLint0.6923.910.552.3315.2456.480.19 SoybeanMealExtrd0.0711.550.093.7118.1354.779.52 ClvrSil17Cp53Ndf15LNdf0.3315.221.522.382.6218.1953.84 GrssSil7Cp72Ndf13Lndf0.5416.761.671.943.8019.9644.30 GrssHy16Cp55Ndf6Lndf0.4316.440.481.332.5323.3849.90

9. Unsaturated FA Saturated FA CC HH CC HH H H Biohydrogenation H+H+ Bacterial isomerases & hydrolyases

10. Linolenic Acid cis-9, cis-12, cis-15 C 18:3 cis-9, trans-11, cis-15 C 18:3 trans-11, cis-15 C 18:2 trans-15 or cis-15 C 18:1 trans-11 C 18:1 Stearic Acid C 18:0 cis-9, trans-11 CLA Linoleic Acid cis-9, cis-12 C 18:2 Harfoot and Hazlewood, 1997 Pathways for Rumen Biohydrogenation -- Process extensive, but not complete -- all intermediates formed potentially pass to the small intestine

11. Relationship Between Linoleic Acid (18:2) Intake and Duodenal Flow 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 <199200-399>400 18:2 Dietary Intake Range (g/d) 18:2 Intake18:2 Duodenal Flow g/d Lock et al., 2006

12. Relationship Between Stearic Acid (18:0) Intake and Duodenal Flow 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 <199200-399>400 18:2 Dietary Intake Range (g/d) g/d 18:0 Intake18:0 Duodenal Flow Lock et al., 2006

13. Low milk fat Requires two conditions: 1) Dietary presence of PUFA 2) Altered rumen fermentation

14. Stearic Acid C 18:0 Rumen Biohydrogenation trans-10, cis-12 CLA Linolenic Acid cis-9, cis-12, cis-15 C 18:3 Linoleic Acid cis-9, cis-12 C 18:2 trans-11, cis-15 C 18:2 trans-15 or cis-15 C 18:1 trans-11 C 18:1 cis-9, trans-11, cis-15 C 18:3 cis-9, trans-11 CLA trans-10 C 18:1 altered fermentation

15. 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 -2-112345678 Day Milk Fat (percentage) Infusion Control 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 -2-112345678 Day Milk Fat (percentage) Infusion cis-9, trans-11 CLA trans-10, cis-12 CLA Baumgard et al., 2000 Effect of CLA Isomers on Milk Fat

16. Trans 18:1Conjugated 18:2 IsomerMilk fat response IsomerMilk fat response trans-4trans-7, cis-9 trans-5trans-7, trans-9 trans-6-8trans-8, cis-10No change trans-9No changetrans-8, trans-10 trans-10No changetrans-9, cis-11MFD trans-11No changecis-9, trans-11No change trans-12No changetrans-9, trans-11No change trans-13 + 14cis-10, trans-12MFD trans-15trans-10, cis-12MFD trans-16trans-10, trans-12No change cis-11, trans-13No change trans-11, cis-13 trans-11, trans-13 cis-12, trans-14 trans-12, trans-14 cis-cis isomers Perfield and Bauman, 2005

17. Relationship Between Milk t10 18:1 Content & Milk Fat % Euro Fed Lipid Congress, Abstact, Madrid, Spain (10/2006)

18. Relationship Between Milk t10 C18:1 Content & Milk Fat % Milk Fat % Milk trans-10, C18:1 (g/100g) Overton et al., 2008

19. Stearic Acid C 18:0 Rumen Biohydrogenation trans-10, cis-12 CLA Linolenic Acid cis-9, cis-12, cis-15 C 18:3 Linoleic Acid cis-9, cis-12 C 18:2 trans-11, cis-15 C 18:2 trans-15 or cis-15 C 18:1 trans-11 C 18:1 cis-9, trans-11, cis-15 C 18:3 cis-9, trans-11 CLA trans-10 C 18:1 altered fermentation

20. How do we find and troubleshoot ruminal outflow of 1 to 2 grams of a specific MFD-causing fatty acid???? DBM 0021b

21. 3. Inhibit final step/ alter rates of BH Linoleic acid (cis-9, cis-12 18:2) Rumenic acid (cis-9, trans-11 CLA) Vaccenic acid (trans-11 18:1) Stearic acid (18:0) Dietary components can impact the risk of MFD in 3 ways trans-10, cis-12 CLA trans-10 18:1 Stearic acid (18:0) 1. Increase C18 PUFA Precursors2. Alter BH pathways/rumen environment

22. Increase C18 PUFA precursor supply and rumen availability  Linoleic acid (C18:2) supply and availability in the rumen  CPM-Dairy predictions of linoleic acid intake from high corn silage- based lactating diets can approach or exceed 400 to 500 g/d  Ready availability of low-cost byproducts from corn (distillers) or other sources  Tremendous variation in fat content within and among production plants  Any processing method that will increase ruminal availability of unsaturated FA (e.g. finely ground or extruded full-fat soybeans)  Despite high content of C18:2, whole cottonseed not frequently associated with low milk fat  Effect of hull on release of fatty acids into rumen environment

23. Factors that result in an altered ruminal environment  Dynamics of rumen pH as a balance of  Acid production from ruminally fermentable CHO  Dietary CHO profile and Kd of fractions as affected by source, processing, and moisture  Buffer production from salivary and dietary sources  peNDF supply and source  Rate of removal of acids through absorption or passage  Feeding management and environmental/facility effects  Mixing, DM changes, feeding frequency, stocking density, heat stress, stall usage, etc. J Dairy Sci 80:1447-1462 (1997) Proceedings from Cornell Nut Conf 49-60 (2005) J Dairy Sci 88:625-631 (2005)

24. Intake, Milk Yield, and Milk Composition by Stocking Rate (Miner Institute) Stocking Rate, % Item100113131142SEP – value DMI 1, kg/d24.424.825.025.30.650.69 Milk, kg/d41.440.741.541.10.320.39 Fat, %3.84 a 3.77 ab 3.67 b 0.050.03 Protein, %3.053.03 0.020.66 Lactose, %4.894.884.90 0.010.42 SCS 2 3.23.13.43.60.390.62 1 DIM = Dry matter intake 2 SCS = Somatic cell score a,b Means within rows with different superscripts differ (P < 0.05)

25. Other factors that may contribute to an “altered” ruminal environment conducive to production of MFD-causing FA  Off-fermented feeds, particularly high acetic corn silage??  High mold and yeast counts on ensiled forages or high- moisture cereals??  Mycotoxins??  Oxidized lipids in feeds??

26. Effect of Time of Storage in Silo on Digestion of Starch in Corn Silage Newbold et al., 2006 Starch Digestion %, 3 hr

27. Changes in silage microbiology Denmark study of 20 corn silage piles (Storm et al., 2010) –Samples collected about 3 feed in from face every 2 months –Counts of various yeast species increased over time –Peaked at 5 to 7 months post-ensiling Protection against yeasts –Good silage management (pack, moisture, chop, etc.) –Good face management (defacer helps) –Low oxygen permeability plastics –Silage inoculants based upon Lactobacillus Buchneri or acid-based preservatives

28. Factors that influence biohydrogenation rate  Anything that slows rates of biohydrogenation at different steps may result in more passage of FA intermediates that cause MFD from the rumen  These do not cause milk fat problems, but will amplify the effecf of an existing ruminal condition on milk fat  Monensin  Fish fatty acids (last step of biohydrogenation)  High load of unsaturated FA (C18:1?)

29. Factors that influence rate of passage  DMI (higher producing, higher intake herds more risk)  Ration particle size (especially middle screen and pan if using 3-part Penn State Particle Separator

30. Univariable Categorical Analysis of TMR Particle Size and herd milk fat % FactorCut-Point Mean MF% Bottom 75% Mean MF% Top 25% P-value PSPS 1 Top, %8.73.403.450.46 PSPS 1 Middle, %49.83.373.540.02 PSPS 1 Bottom, %543.493.260.0009 1 Penn State Particle Separator Overton et al., 2008 CNC

31. Summary Altered ruminal metabolism of unsaturated fatty acids combined with ruminal dynamics that cause passage of specific intermediate fatty acids to the intestine results in low milk fat test Most often not one factor, but an INTERACTION AMONG MANY FACTORS, responsible for milk fat problems DBM 0021b

32. Summary -- common observations for low milk fat Factors that cause altered ruminal biohydrogenation –NDF and NFC interrelationships –Altered corn silage fermentation profiles? –Mycotoxins in forages or high moisture corn? –Elevated mold/yeast counts in high-moisture corn or silages? –Oxidized components of feedstuffs? Factors that result in high availability of linoleic acid –Unsaturated fat source, amount, and processing Factors that slow rates of biohydrogenation –Fish fatty acids –Ionophores –High C18:1 intake? Factors that result in high rates of passage –High production/DMI