1. Chapter 13
Heart

2. Functions of the Circulatory System
Heart is the pump that circulates blood
Arteries, veins, and capillaries transport the blood
Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the cells and carries the waste products away
Lymph system functions

3. Major Blood Circuits
Blood leaves the heart through arteries and returns by veins
Blood circulation routes
General or system circulation
Cardiopulmonary circulation
Changes in the composition of circulating blood

4. The Heart About the size of a closed fist Weighs about 1 pound
Located in thoracic cavity; apex of heart lies on the diaphragm and points to the left of the body

5. The Heart
After 4 to 5 minutes without blood flow, the brain cells are irreversibly damaged
Can hear the heartbeat through the stethoscope
Cardiac arrest
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

6. Structure of the Heart Hollow, muscular, double pump
Pericardium and pericardial fluid
Myocardium
Cardiac muscle tissue
Endocardium

7. Structure of the Heart Superior and inferior vena cava Coronary sinus
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary veins
Aorta

8. Chambers and Valves
Separated into right and left halves by septum; then each half separated into an upper and lower chamber
Upper chambers
Left and right atria

9. Chambers and Valves Low chambers
Left and right ventricles
Valves keep blood flow going in one direction

10. Valves Atrioventricular valves Semilunar valves Tricuspid valve
Bicuspid or mitral valve
Semilunar valves
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Aortic semilunar valve

11. Physiology of the Heart
Double pump
Right heart
Deoxygenated blood
Left heart
Oxygenated blood

12. Heart Rate and Cardiac Output
Normal adult rate is between 72 and 80 beats per minute
Stroke volume
Calculating the cardiac output
Exercise increases cardiac output

13. Heart Sounds Valves make a sound when they close
Called lubb dupp sounds
Lubb
Tricuspid and bicuspid valves (S1)
Dupp
Aortic and pulmonary valves (S2)

14. Conduction System Electrical impulses cause rhythmic beating of heart
Sinoatrial (SA) node or pacemaker
Atrioventricular (AV) node
Bundle of His
Purkinje fibers

15. ECG or EKG
The electrocardiogram is a device to record the electrical activity of the heart
Systole
Contraction
Diastole
Relaxation

16. ECG or EKG
Positive and negative deflection
P, QRS, and T waves

17. Prevention of Heart Disease
Heart disease is the leading cause of death
Coronary heart disease
Risk factors
Steps to lower risk or prevent heart disease
Blood cholesterol levels and triglycerides

18. Diagnostic Tests Noninvasive
Angiography
Cardiac MRI
Coronary calcium scoring/heart scan
Echocardiography
Electrocardiogram

19. Diagnostic Tests Noninvasive
Exercise stress tests
Holter monitor
MUGA
Transesophageal echocardiography

20. Diagnostic Tests Invasive
Cardiac catheterization
IVUS (intravascular coronary ultrasound)

21. Diagnostic Tests Blood Tests
Arterial blood gases
BNP
Lipid panel
Cardiac enzymes
INR/Prothrombin time tests

22. Animation – The Heart
Click Here to play
Heart animation

23. Effects of Aging Heart muscle fibers replaced by fibrous tissue
Heart valves increase in thickness
Cardiac output decreases
Changes become more significant when elderly person becomes physically or mentally stressed

24. Diseases of the Heart – Common Symptoms
Arrhythmia
Bradycardia
Tachycardia
Murmurs
Mitral valve prolapse

25. Diseases of the Coronary Artery
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
Angina pectoris
Myocardial infarction

26. Infectious Diseases of the Heart
Pericarditis
Myocarditis
Endocarditis
Rheumatic heart disease

27. Heart Failure
When the ventricles of the heart are unable to contract effectively and blood pools in the heart
Symptoms depend on which ventricle fails

28. Heart Failure Left ventricle failure Right ventricle failure Dyspnea
Engorgement of organs, edema and ascites

29. Congestive Heart Failure
Similar to heart failure plus edema of the lower extremities and blood backs up into the lungs
Treatment

30. Rhythm/Conduction Defects
Heart block
First-degree block
Second-degree block
Third-degree block or complete heart block
Premature contractions
PACs
PVCs
Fibrillation

31. Types of Heart Surgery Angioplasty Coronary bypass Cardiac stents
Transmyocardial laser revascularization

32. Heart Transplants Used as last resort Histocompatibility
Organ rejection

33. Medical Highlights Pacemaker Cardiac resynchronization therapy
Defibrillator
Heart pumps