1. WARM AUGUST 31 ESSENTIAL QUESTION PAGE 6 ESSENTIAL QUESTION PAGE 6 SS8H1a How did the Paleo, Archaic, Woodland, and Mississippian cultures change over time? SS8H1a How did the Paleo, Archaic, Woodland, and Mississippian cultures change over time?

2. STEP 1: DRAW THE GRAPHIC ORGANIZER STEP 2: LIST ANY DETAILS YOU REMEMBER ABOUT EACH NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURE. 6 SS8H1a How did the Paleo, Archaic, Woodland, and Mississippian cultures change over time? NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURES PALEOARCHAICWOODLANDMISSISSIPPIAN

3. SS8H1 The student will evaluate the development of Native American cultures and the impact of European exploration and settlement on the Native American cultures in Georgia. Concepts: Individuals – Groups – Institutions Technological Innovation

4. The student will understand that the actions of Individuals and Groups affect society through intended and unintended consequences. What are some groups in your school, community, or state? How are the Paleo, Archaic, Woodland, and Mississippian cultures similar to one another? How are they different? Individuals – Groups

5. The student will understand that technological innovations have consequences, both intended and unintended. What are some inventions that have made the civilization we live in today more advanced? What inventions allowed the Mississippian culture to become more populated than the Paleo, Archaic, and Woodland cultures? Technological Innovation

6. SS8H1a

7. SS8H1a Describe the evolution of Native American cultures (Paleo, Archaic, Woodland, and Mississippian) prior to European contact. Concepts: Individuals – Groups – Institutions Technological Innovation

8. PALEO PERIOD Before Europeans came to Georgia, prehistoric Native Americans experienced four stages of cultural development, or traditions. Anthropologists call the first tradition the Paleo Indian period. They are the first because they were the first group of people to inhabit North America by crossing the Beringia land bridge during the Ice Age from Asia (where the Bering Strait is today) as long ago as 10,000 BCE. Paleo means "ancient or very old”, and the Paleo Indians were so ancient that we know little about them. We do know that they got what they needed to survive from nature. Paleo Indians hunted animals that are extinct today, such as giant bison and elephant-like mastodons. Hunting provided meat food, bones for tools, and skins for clothing and blankets. They also ate wild fruits and vegetables. Stones were used as tools and shaped into spearheads. Paleo Indians did not build permanent homes because they were nomadic. They moved around in bands, or groups of about twenty, in search of food. Very little of Paleo- Indian civilization has survived. The only artifacts that archeologists have found are stone spearheads like the clovis point and a few other tools such as the atlatl, a sling like device used to throw spears.

10. EARLY PALEO SHELTERS

12. PALEO INDIAN STONE POINTS

13. PALEO SPEAR POINT

15. PALEO / ARCHAIC ATLATL SPEAR

16. PALEO PERIOD HUNTING THE WOOLY MAMMOTH

17. THE PALEO HUNT

18. PALEO FOOD

20. SS8H1a Describe the evolution of Native American cultures (Paleo, Archaic, Woodland, and Mississippian) prior to European contact. Concepts: Individuals – Groups – Institutions Technological Innovation

21. ARCHAIC PERIOD The second tradition of Georgia's prehistoric people was the Archaic Indian period. Around 8,000 BCE, the earth began to get warmer. The animals Paleo Indians hunted disappeared due to climate change or overhunting. Archaic Native Americans hunted smaller animals, such as deer and rabbits. To make hunting easier, they burned down trees to create clearings that attracted animals. Archaic Indians differed from Paleo Indians in other ways as well. They ate a wider range of foods, including nuts and shellfish. They left large piles of shells, called middens, near the coast. Perhaps their biggest innovation was making pottery from clay. This suggests that they moved around less than their ancestors, since it would be hard to travel with many clay pots, however, they were still nomadic as they did not live in permanent villages, but instead moved during each season. Another common artifact from the period is the stone axe used to clear forests and plant seeds for crops. This was the early stage of horticulture that would become more advanced in the Woodland and Mississippian periods.

22. ARCHAIC SHELTERS

23. ARCHAIC FOOD

24. ARCHAIC TOOLS

25. ARCHAIC WEAPONS

26. ARCHAIC ATLATL HUNTS

27. ARCHAIC FEAST

28. SS8H1a Describe the evolution of Native American cultures (Paleo, Archaic, Woodland, and Mississippian) prior to European contact. Concepts: Individuals – Groups – Institutions Technological Innovation

29. WOODLAND PERIOD The third tradition of Georgia's prehistoric people was the Woodland Indian period. This period began around 1000 B.C. and lasted some two thousand years. Unlike their ancestors, Woodland Native Americans were not as nomadic. They built villages, with houses meant to last. They also developed agriculture. Woodland people cleared fields and planted seeds, growing corn and beans. Woodland hunters began using bows and arrows. Because of these changes, they had a bigger food supply than earlier Native Americans, so the population grew and tribes formed. Woodland Native Americans began forming tribes, large groups of people with similar languages and religions led by chiefs. They also began to build mounds of earth and stone, in different sizes and shapes. Some mounds were parts of villages; others were religious or burial sites. Examples of Woodland period mounds are Rock Eagle and the Kolomoki mounds. These mounds suggests that the Woodland Indians used religious ceremonies to honor their dead and believed in an after-life because of the items buried in the mounds.

30. WOODLAND TOOLS

31. WOODLAND HUNTING TOOLS

32. CLAY POTTERY

33. WOODLAND COOKING

34. WOODLAND HOMES

35. ROCK EAGLE

36. WARM SEPTEMBER 7 ESSENTIAL QUESTION PAGE 6 ESSENTIAL QUESTION PAGE 6 SS8H1a How did the Paleo, Archaic, Woodland, and Mississippian cultures change over time? SS8H1a How did the Paleo, Archaic, Woodland, and Mississippian cultures change over time?

37. STEP 1: DRAW THE GRAPHIC ORGANIZER STEP 2: LIST ANY DETAILS YOU REMEMBER ABOUT EACH NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURE. STEP 3: FINISH YOUR NATIVE AMERICAN GRAPHIC ORGANIZER SHEET 6 SS8H1a How did the Paleo, Archaic, Woodland, and Mississippian cultures change over time? NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURES PALEOARCHAICWOODLANDMISSISSIPPIAN

38. SS8H1a Describe the evolution of Native American cultures (Paleo, Archaic, Woodland, and Mississippian) prior to European contact. Concepts: Individuals – Groups – Institutions Technological Innovation

39. MISSISSIPPIAN PERIOD The fourth prehistoric tradition, the Mississippian Indian period, began around A.D.700. Mississippians relied on agriculture even more than their ancestors and celebrated during the Green Corn Festival. They also raised livestock. With more food, the Native American population increased further. As a result, Mississippians built permanent villages. Many villages had public squares and protective outer walls known as a palisade. Houses were usually made of wood and clay, a method called wattle and daub. Mississippians even built cities. Tribes grew larger in the Mississippian period. Two tribes in Georgia were the Creek and later the Cherokee. As the tribes grew, a chiefdom had one leader and might cover many villages. Within tribes, groups of relatives formed clans. Both Creek and Cherokee tribes were matrilineal (ancestry traced through mother’s side of family). We know more about the Mississippians than about their ancestors because they left behind more artifacts. We know that villages and tribes from as far away as the Great Plains, Mexico, and Guatemala traded with each other. Artifacts such as pipes and jewelry show that the Mississippians were religious and artistic. Mississippians left behind many flat top mounds. On top of the mounds were buildings, used as houses or temples. The mounds were also burial sites, holding shell and copper artifacts. Many mounds still stand in Georgia, including the Etowah Indian mounds in nearby Cartersville. This period was the high point of prehistoric civilization in Georgia. When Europeans arrived in the 1500s, the germs they brought killed many Native Americans.

40. MISSISSIPPIAN MOUNDS

41. MISSISSIPPIAN VILLAGES

42. MISSISSIPPIAN FARMING

43. MISSISSIPPIAN ART

44. STEP 1: DRAW THE GRAPHIC ORGANIZER STEP 2: LIST ANY DETAILS YOU REMEMBER ABOUT EACH NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURE. 6 SS8H1a How did the Paleo, Archaic, Woodland, and Mississippian cultures change over time? NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURES PALEOARCHAICWOODLANDMISSISSIPPIAN

45. WARM SEPTEMBER 9 ESSENTIAL QUESTION PAGE 7 ESSENTIAL QUESTION PAGE 7 SS8H1b What impact did Hernando de Soto and Spanish missions have on Native Americans? SS8H1b What impact did Hernando de Soto and Spanish missions have on Native Americans?

46. SS8H1b Evaluate the impact of European contact on Native American cultures; include Spanish missions along the barrier islands, and the explorations of Hernando DeSoto. Concepts: Individuals and Groups Conflict & Change Movement & Migration

47. STEP 1: TRACE YOUR GEORGIA MAP STEP 2: TURN TO PAGE 43 IN YOUR TEXTBOOK STEP 3: COPY THE ROUTE OF De SOTO AND HIS CONQUISTADORS ON YOUR MAP 7 SS8H1b What impact did Hernando de Soto and Spanish missions have on Native Americans?

48. The student will understand that the actions of Individuals and Groups affect society through intended and unintended consequences. What are some groups in the world today? Who is Hernando de Soto? How did the actions of Spanish conquistadors affect Mississippian society? What were the consequences? Individuals and Groups

49. The student will understand that the movement or migration of people, goods, and ideas affects all societies involved. If you moved to Saudi Arabia, how would it affect your life? Ever wonder who invented chocolate and where it comes from? How did European explorers and settlers influence the society of Native Americans? Movement / Migration

50. The student will understand that when there is conflict between or within societies, change is the result. What are some examples of conflict and change that you have witnessed in your life? How did the interaction between Europeans and Native Americans become a conflict? How did life for both Europeans and Native Americans change? CONFLICT & CHANGE

51. TURN TO PAGE 42 IN YOUR TEXTBOOK

52. TURN TO PAGE 38 - 39 IN YOUR COACHBOOK

53. Hernando de Soto A Spanish born explorer and first European to set foot in Georgia landed in present-day Tampa Bay, Florida, in 1539. De Soto led 600 conquistadors through the southeast region of North America in search of gold. He passed through the Georgia area in 1540. Why did his expedition fail? He did NOT find the gold he was looking for and died of illness near the Mississippi River. He often tortured, enslaved, and killed Native Americans along his path. The diseases left behind by Europeans destroyed much of the Mississippian culture.

55. According to the De Soto map on the left, is it possible that Hernando and his conquistadors traveled through Paulding County?

56. Conflict and Change

58. HERNANDO de SOTO ANTAGONIST or HERO?

59. CONFLICT and CHANGE What were de Soto’s negative actions? How did life for Native Americans change after de Soto arrived?

60. WARM SEPTEMBER 10 ESSENTIAL QUESTION PAGE 8 ESSENTIAL QUESTION PAGE 8 SS8H1b What impact did Spanish missions have on Native Americans? SS8H1b What impact did Spanish missions have on Native Americans?

61. STEP 1: TRACE YOUR GEORGIA MAP AND LABEL FIVE W’s STEP 2: CIRCLE THE BARRIER ISLANDS STEP 3: CREATE A CONFLICT AND CHANGE T-CHART ON OPPOSITE PAGE STEP 4: READ PAGES 38 – 39 IN YOUR COACHBOOK 8 SS8H1b What impact did Spanish missions have on Native Americans?

62. SS8H1b Evaluate the impact of European contact on Native American cultures; include Spanish missions along the barrier islands, and the explorations of Hernando DeSoto. Concepts: Individuals and Groups Conflict & Change Movement & Migration

63. THE ART OF CARTOGRAPHY THEN… AND NOW THE ART OF CARTOGRAPHY THEN… AND NOW

64. MOVEMENT and MIGRATION Why did Spain build missions on Georgia’s barrier islands? How did the missions impact the Native Americans both positively and negatively?

65. WHY WERE SPANISH MISSIONS BUILT ALONG THE BARRIER ISLANDS IN GEORGIA? [1] CONVERT THE NATIVE AMERICANS TO CHRISTIANITY [2] PROTECT SPAIN’S LAND FROM FRENCH SETTLEMENT [3] SETTLE AND COLONIZE THE REGION FOR RESOURCES [4] ENSLAVE NATIVE AMERICANS

66. SS8H1c Explain reasons for European exploration and settlement of North America, with emphasis on the interests of the French, Spanish, and British in the southeastern area. Concepts: Movement / Migration Conflict and Change

67. WARM SEPTEMBER 13 ESSENTIAL QUESTION PAGE 9 ESSENTIAL QUESTION PAGE 9 SS8H1c A Native American once asked, “Why did the white man come to our lands?” SS8H1c A Native American once asked, “Why did the white man come to our lands?”

68. According to the map of the New World, which country did NOT explore or colonize any part of North America? A.France B.Portugal C.England D. Spain

69. STEP 1: COPY BOTH GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS STEP 2: READ PAGES 40 – 41 IN THE COACHBOOK 9 SS8H1c A Native American once asked, “Why did the white man come to our lands?” EUROPEAN COLONIZATION OF NORTH AMERICA SPAIN FRANCE ENGLAND

70. REASONS FOR EXPLORING AND COLONIZING THE SOUTHEAST REGION OF NORTH AMERICA

74. REASONS FOR COLONIZING NORTH AMERICA SPANISH MISSIONS – CATHOLIC BRANCH OF CHRISTIANITY DEFEATED BY ENGLAND -1588 COLONIZE FLORIDA TO SOUTH AMERICA FOCUS ON FUR TRADE RELIGIOUS FREEDOM SETTLE THE INTERIOR – MISSISSIPPI REGION AND CANADA PROTESTANT BRANCH OF CHRISTIANITY SETTLE THE ATLANTIC COAST NORTH OF FLORIDA

75. tnhistoryforkids.org Wikimedia.org Learnnc.org Spvocation.org