1. 1 Eric P. Widmaier Boston University Hershel Raff Medical College of Wisconsin Kevin T. Strang University of Wisconsin - Madison *See PowerPoint Image Slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes. Chapter 16 Lecture Outline * Regulation of Organic Metabolism and Energy Balance Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2. 2 Absorptive State Fig. 16-1

3. 3 Fig. 16-2 Cholesterol Balance

4. 4 Postabsorptive State Fig. 16-3

5. 5 Endocrine and Neural Control of the Absorptive and Postabsorptive States Fig. 16-4

6. 6 Insulin Effects Fig. 16-5

7. 7 Insulin Signaling Fig. 16-6

8. 8 Insulin Target Tissues Fig. 16-7

9. 9 Insulin Fig. 16-8

10. 10 Glucagon Fig. 16-10

11. 11 Epinephrine and Sympathetic Nerves to Liver and Adipose Tissue Fig. 16-11

12. 12 Cortisol

13. 13 Growth Hormone The effects of growth hormone on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, although minor, are similar to cortisol and opposite those of insulin.

14. 14 Summary of Hormonal Controls

15. 15 Energy Homeostasis in Exercise and Stress Fig. 16-12

16. 16 Basic Concepts of Energy Expenditure Total energy expenditure = Internal heat produced + External work performed + Energy stored

17. 17 Metabolic Rate

18. 18 Regulation of Total-Body Energy Stores Energy from food intake = Internal heat produced + External work + Energy stored Energy stored = Energy from food intake – (Internal heat produced + External work)

19. 19 Leptin Fig. 16-13

20. 20 Control of Food Intake Fig. 16-14

21. 21 Overweight and Obesity Overweight is defined as a state in which an increased amount of fat in the body results in a significant impairment of health. Obesity denotes a particularly large accumulation of fat – that is, extreme overweight.

22. 22 Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa Anorexia nervosa is characterized by decreased food intake so severely that the person may die of starvation. Bulimia nervosa is characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating usually associated with self-induced vomiting, use of laxatives, or vigorous exercise.

23. 23 What Should We Eat?

24. 24 Regulation of Body Temperature Fig. 16-15

25. 25 Mechanisms of Heat Loss or Gain Fig. 16-16

26. 26 Temperature-Regulating Reflexes Fig. 16-17

27. 27 Fever and Hyperthermia Fig. 16-18

28. 28 Heat Exhaustion and Heat Stroke Fig. 16-19

29. 29 Insulin Deficiency Fig. 16-20

30. 30 Hypoglycemia Hypoglycemia is broadly defined as an abnormally low plasma glucose concentration. Fasting hypoglycemia can be understood in terms of the regulation of blood glucose concentration. 1.An excess of insulin due to an insulin-producing tumor, drugs that stimulate insulin secretion, or taking too much insulin (if the person is diabetic). 2.A defect in one or more glucose-counterregulatory controls, for example, inadequate glycogenolysis and/or gluconeogenesis due to liver disease, or cortisol deficiency. Symptoms: Increased heart rate, trembling, nervousness, sweating, and anxiety, headache, confusion, dizziness, loss of coordination, and slurred speech, convulsions and coma.