1. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 1 Chapter 11 ADOLESCENCE Section 1: Physical Development Section 2: Social Development Section 3: Identity Formation Section 4: Changes of Adolescence

2. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 2 Chapter 11 Question: How do males and females change physically during adolescence, and what are the psychological effects of these changes? PHYSICAL CHANGES IN BOTH SEXES Adolescent growth spurt – lasts 2-3 years and is a period of rapid growth – 8-10 inches in height Sexual Development – onset of puberty is the biological stage that leads to the ability to reproduce Section 1: Physical Development

3. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 3 Chapter 11 Question: How do males and females change physically during adolescence, and what are the psychological effects of these changes? PHYSICAL CHANGES IN MALES Testes increase the output of the hormone testosterone, which causes boys’ sexual organs to grow, their voice to deepen, and hair to grow on their faces and later on their chests. During this period of rapid growth, boys develop broader shoulders, thicker bodies as well as develop more muscle tissue. Section 1: Physical Development

4. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 4 Chapter 11 Question: How do males and females change physically during adolescence, and what are the psychological effects of these changes? PHYSICAL CHANGES IN FEMALES Hormones from the pituitary gland stimulate the ovaries to secrete more estrogen which spurs the growth of breast tissue and supportive tissue in the hips and buttocks making the pelvic region wider and hips rounder. Girls also produce small amounts of androgens in the adrenal glands that stimulate pubic and underarm hair. First menstrual cycle usually begins between the ages of 11 to 14. Section 1: Physical Development

5. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 5 Chapter 11 Question: What role do parents and peers play in the lives of adolescents? PARENTS AND PEERS INFLUENCE ADOLESCENTS Teens spend more time with friends and less time at home Teens become more independent and disputes with parents arise over issues such as rules, curfew, homework, and money Teenagers continue to need and rely on parents and usually agree with them on issues such as moral values and educational and career goals Adolescents are influenced by peers because they provide friendship, support, companionship and advice Section 2: Social Development

6. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 6 Chapter 11 Question: What is identity formation, and what are the four categories of adolescent identity status? IDENTITY FORMATION Identity formation is the process of developing a sense of who one is and what one stands for. Section 3: Identity Formation

7. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 7 Chapter 11 Question: What is identity formation, and what are the four categories of adolescent identity status? CATEGORIES OF ADOLESCENT IDENTITY STATUS Identity moratorium – delaying commitment Identity foreclosure – making an early and unwavering commitment Identity diffusion – soul searching or wandering without commitment Identity achievement – commitment made after a period of soul searching Section 3: Identity Formation

8. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 8 Chapter 11 Question: What are some of the challenges that adolescents face in today’s society? CHALLENGES OF TODAY’S ADOLESCENTS Dealing with eating disorders such as Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa Substance abuse Sexuality – how and when to express it Juvenile delinquency – participation in illegal activities Section 4: Changes of Adolescence

9. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 9 Chapter 11 Question: What are some of the challenges that adolescents face in today’s society? EATING DISORDERS Anorexia Nervosa – a life-threatening disorder characterized by self-starvation and distorted body image Bulimia Nervosa – recurrent binge eating followed by dramatic measures to eliminate food such as vomiting Section 4: Changes of Adolescence

10. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Question: What are some of the challenges that adolescents face in today’s society? SUBSTANCE ABUSE Drug & Alcohol Experimentation Can be a rebellion issue or an identity issue Linked to moral development & peer pressure— the understanding of moderation Related to other issues/problems—addiction, education, family relationships, teen pregnancy, etc. 10 Chapter 11

11. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Question: What are some of the challenges that adolescents face in today’s society? ISSUES RELATED TO SEXUALITY Difference between physical and emotional maturity can lead to problems Understanding consequences—safety, STDs, pregnancy, self-respect, etc. Appropriate expression—What message is being sent by actions, attitudes, or behaviors? 11 Chapter 11

12. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Question: What are some of the challenges that adolescents face in today’s society? JUVENILE DELINQUENCY Rebellion issues Labeling issues—by the society or by the teen Peer group influence Self-respect or Self-confidence issues 12 Chapter 11

13. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 13 Chapter 12 ADULTHOOD Section 1: Young Adulthood Section 2: Middle Adulthood Section 3: Late Adulthood Section 4: Death and Dying

14. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 14 Chapter 12 Question: What are the characteristics and issues of young adulthood? CHARACTERISTICS AND ISSUES OF YOUNG ADULTHOOD Reassessment of what course in life they have chosen Urge to settle down when in their thirties Formation of marriage and intimate relationships Section 1: Young Adulthood

15. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 15 Chapter 12 Question: What are the changes that occur and the issues that are faced in middle adulthood? CHARACTERISTICS AND ISSUES FACED IN MIDDLE ADULTHOOD Generativity – the ability to create, originate, and produce Transition – a period when people’s perspectives change in a major way that usually occurs somewhere between the ages of 40–45 Empty-Nest Syndrome – the feelings of emptiness and loss mothers and fathers sometimes feel after their children have left home Section 2: Middle Adulthood

16. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 16 Chapter 12 Question: How do people’s lives change in late adulthood? HOW LIVES CHANGE IN LATE ADULTHOOD Physical Changes – wrinkles, skin folds, decline in sense of smell, slower reflexes Cognitive Changes – memory ability declines Social Changes – new decisions such as retirement and where they should live Section 3: Late Adulthood

17. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 17 Chapter 12 Question: What are attitudes and issues related to death and dying? ATTITUDES AND ISSUES OF DEATH AND DYING Hospice alternative, euthanasia, living will The Funeral – usually reflects religious beliefs Bereavement – the mourning process Section 4: Death and Dying