1. { Digging Deeper Into Argumentation

2.  When constructing an argument, consider whether your statement requires justification.  A statement that is a verifiable fact or a commonly accepted assumption or belief does not need justification. Justification- the first step

3.  President JFK was assassinated on November 22, 1963.  Children shouldn’t smoke.  The death penalty is just retribution for murders.  Only people between the ages of 18 and 75 should be able to receive a driver’s license. The Justification Test

4.  Any argument involves a claim supported by reasons and evidence. The Toulmin Model

5.  A claim is an arguable point. Apply the test of justification to your claim before including it in an argument.  One can make a claim about meaning- “What is dubstep?”  One can make a claim about policy- “Our federal government should strengthen anti-piracy laws.”  One can make a claim about consequences- “Because adversity affects many in a positive way, the challenges in one’s life can lead to an improved quality of life.” The Claim

6.  Look at one of the claims you made regarding Spencer or Walker’s essay. Or your argument surrounding their essays. Is Your Claim Justified?

7.  Knowing that the whole world does not agree with you, you must not make an absolute proposition. Seek common ground with your readers. Foster a degree of trust. Explain circumstances.  Sometimes, probably, usually, in most cases… Qualify

8.  Find the same claim you just tested for justification and now make sure it is qualified. Qualify one of your claims.

9.  The audience must be able to follow your train of thinking. This is where a warrant comes it. To justify your claim, you need to show some thought process, or analysis. Warrant

10.  “Sarah graduated from Camas High School, an excellent school, therefore she should do well in college.” Is this statement warranted?

11.  “Sarah graduated from Camas High School, an excellent school. She had great study habits. She had a 3.9 GPA and was ranked top 10 in her class and took upper level classes. She should do well in college.” How about this one?

12.  A warrant shows analysis.  A warrant IS NOT always evidence. Be Careful!

13.  Typical and representative  Relevant  Specific and detailed  Sufficient  Ethos, pathos, logos Evidence

14.  Add appropriate and VARIED evidence. Look at your Walker/Spencer argument:

15.  Without tone and voice, you are a robotic product of public education. Tone and Voice

16.  Describe your intended tone.  Do you intend to shift tones? If so, where and why? Your Walker/Spencer Essay

17.  Diction and syntax  Rhetorical devices- we’re not learning them for nothing! Pick TWO to use in your essay. Voice