1. Lecture Outlines PowerPoint
Chapter 1
Earth Science 11e
Tarbuck/Lutgens
© 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall
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2. Introduction to Earth Science Chapter 1
Earth Science, 11e
Introduction to
Earth Science Chapter 1

3. What is Earth Science?
Encompasses all sciences that seek to understand
Earth
Earth's neighbors in space
Seeks to answer questions such as...
What forces produce mountains?
Why is our daily weather so variable?
Is climate really changing?
How old is the Earth?

5. Earth Science Earth Science includes
Geology - literally the “study of Earth”
Oceanography – a study of the ocean Meteorology - the study of the atmosphere and the processes that produce weather
Astronomy - the study of the universe

6. People and the environment
Surrounds and influences organisms
Physical environment encompasses water, air, soil, and rock
Term “environmental” is usually reserved for those aspects that focus on the relationships between people and the natural environment

7. People and the environment
Resources
An important focus of the Earth sciences
Includes water, soil, minerals, and energy
Two broad categories
Renewable – can be replenished (examples include plants and energy from water and wind)
Nonrenewable – metals (examples include metals and fuels)

8. People and the environment
Population
Population of the planet is growing rapidly
Rate of mineral and energy usage has climbed more rapidly than the overall growth of population
Environmental problems
Local, regional, and global

9. People and the environment
Environmental problems
Human-induced and accentuated
Urban air pollution
Acid rain
Ozone depletion
Global warming
Natural hazards
Earthquakes
Landslides

10. People and the environment
Environmental problems
Natural hazards continued
Floods
Hurricanes
World population pressures

11. Scientific inquiry Science assumes the natural world is
Consistent
Predictable
Goal of science
To discover patterns, trends in nature
To use the knowledge to make predictions

12. Scientific inquiry An idea can become a Scientific method
Hypothesis (tentative or untested explanation)
Theory (tested and confirmed hypothesis)
Paradigm (a theory that explains a large number of interrelated aspects of the natural world)
Scientific method
Gather facts through observation
Formulate hypotheses and theories

13. Scientific inquiry Scientific knowledge is gained through
Following systematic steps
Collecting facts
Developing a hypothesis
Conduct experiments
Re-examine the hypothesis and accept, modify, or reject
Theories that withstand examination
Totally unexpected occurrences

14. Notes Check (in your notebooks)
Name the specific earth science:
a. ocean dynamics
b. “study of the Earth”
c. understanding of atmosphere
d. understanding of Earth’s place in the universe.
2. Contrast renewable and non renewable resources. Give 2 examples of each.
3. Compare the world population in 2010 to beginning of the 1900.
List 5 natural hazards.

15. Earth’s Time and Scale
The study of Earth involves vast space and times.
Compare…..
- the flash of lightning to building of a mountain.
- The size of an atom in minerals or the distances in our galaxy.

16. Early evolution of Earth
Origin of Earth
Most researchers believe that Earth and the other planets formed at essentially the same time
Nebular hypothesis
Solar system evolved from an enormous rotating cloud called the solar nebula

17. The Nebular hypothesis
Figure 1.7

18. Early evolution of Earth
Origin of Earth
Nebula was composed mostly of hydrogen and helium gas
About 5 billion years ago the nebula began to contract
Assumes a flat, disk shape with the protosun (pre-Sun) at the center
Inner planets begin to form from metallic and rocky clumps
Larger outer planets began forming from fragments with a high percentage of ices

19. Early evolution of Earth
Formation of Earth’s layered structure
HEAT from the decay of radioactive elements and heat from high-velocity impacts caused the temperature to increase
Iron and nickel metals began to melt and sink toward the center
Lighter rocky components floated outward, toward the surface
Gaseous material escaped from Earth’s interior to produce the primitive atmosphere

20. Earth’s layered structure

21. Earth's “Spheres"
Earth’s physical environment is divided into three major spheres:
The water portion: __________________
The gaseous envelope: _______________
The solid earth: _____________________
Do you see all 3 ‘spheres in the photo of the Earth from space?

22. Hydrosphere All the water Lakes, rivers Oceans Glaciers Aquifers
In your note book, Rank them in order from most to least amount.

23. Atmosphere Atmosphere layered Thin, tenuous blanket of air
One half lies below 5.6 kilometers
(3.5 miles)
What layer do we live in?

24. Biosphere Biosphere Includes all life
Concentrated near the surface in a zone that extends from the ocean floor upward for several kilometers into the atmosphere.
From ________ to ________
(smallest) (largest)

25. Geosphere
Solid Earth
Based on compositional differences, it consists of the crust, mantle, and core
Divisions of the outer portion are based on how materials behave
Lithosphere - rigid outer layer
Continents and Ocean basins
(land) (sea-floor)

26. Earth system science page 20
Earth is a dynamic body with many separate but highly interacting parts or spheres
Earth system science studies Earth as a system composed of numerous complex, continuously interacting parts, or subsystems
System - any size group of interacting parts that form a complex whole

27. Earth system science System
Closed systems: matter is contained, but energy can freely flow in and out.
Open systems - both energy and matter flow into and out of the system (e.g. a river system) B C D A

28. Planet Earth: Open or Closed System?

29. Earth system science Feedback mechanisms
Negative-feedback mechanisms resist change and stabilize the system
Positive-feedback mechanisms enhance the system and changes the system for the better or worse.
Earth consists of a nearly endless array of subsystems (rock cycle, water cycle)
Ex: perspiration works to maintain an even body temperature
Ex: deforestation: cutting down large areas of trees - reduces photosynthesis – increases CO2 - increases greenhouse gases – increases global temperatures

30. Earth system CYCLES Also: Carbon cycle Recycling cycles Interface:
A common boundary where different parts of a system com in contact and interact
Figure 1.17

31. Earth system science Earth as a system Sources of ENERGY
Sun – drives external processes such as weather, ocean circulation and erosional processes
Earth’s interior heat– drives internal processes including volcanoes, earthquakes and mountain building

32. End of Chapter 1