1. Flashback 1. Name two major differences between Mesopotamia and Egypt. 2. What was the major purpose for the building of pyramids? 3. Who signed the world’s first peace treaty? 4. What was one method Khufu used to ensure that his power would be accepted? 5. What natural barrier protects the Egyptians to the north? 1. Name two major differences between Mesopotamia and Egypt. 2. What was the major purpose for the building of pyramids? 3. Who signed the world’s first peace treaty? 4. What was one method Khufu used to ensure that his power would be accepted? 5. What natural barrier protects the Egyptians to the north?

2. The Nile River Overflowed from July to October Left behind layer of fertile mud

3. The Nile River Farmers planted wheat, barley, and flax seeds Had irrigation system using basins, or bowl-shaped holes, to trap floodwaters, and canals to carry the water Shadoof: bucket attached to a long pole (still used today)

4. Government Trading with Mesopotamia may have led to ideas about government Villages led by chiefs Narmer (Menes), king of Upper Egypt, took control of Lower Egypt (Nile Delta) by force Dynasty started with Menes Dynasty lasted 2,800 years with 31 dynasties

5. Pharaoh Means “great house” Obeyed without question Considered to be son of Ra (Re), the sun god Many people believed his actions determined fate of kingdom

6. Religion Deity - god or goddess Why do you think Re was so powerful to them? Hapi ruled the Nile River. Isis represented the loyal wife and mother Osiris ruled over the dead; husband of Isis

7. Religion Thought afterlife would be even better than life on earth Believed only pharaohs and elites enjoyed afterlife Embalmed pharaoh because they believed he would still take care of Egypt from afterlife and needed a body to do it

8. Religion Embalming led to them to know about the body Used herbs and drugs to treat illness Sewed up wounds and fixed broken bones Wrote first medical books on papyrus

9. Pyramids Built mostly by farmers during floods Led to advances in the calendar and math Great Pyramid built for King Khufu; located in Giza

12. Old Kingdom Capital in Memphis Pharaohs lost control; Egypt in chaos for 200 years Moved capital to Thebes

13. Middle Kingdom Time of peace and stability Conquered Nubia and modern-day Syria Forced conquered people to pay tribute, forced payments to the pharaoh

14. Middle Kingdom Arts flourished; artists paint scenes of daily life (how we get a lot of our information about the Egyptians) Instead of pyramids, pharaohs had temples carved into cliffs; became known as Valley of the Kings

15. The Middle Kingdom Ended when Egypt was invaded by the Hyksos Hyksos were mighty warriors; rode horse-drawn carriages; used weapons made of bronze and iron Egyptians fought on foot with weapons made of copper and stone

16. The New Kingdom Egyptian prince named Ahmose drove out Hyksos 120 years later Began New Kingdom (1550 B.C.E to 1080 B.C.E.)

17. The New Kingdom Hatshepsut started ruling with her husband; made herself pharaoh TRADE, TRADE, TRADE!! Traded for gold, incense, ivory, ebony, and wood WEALTHY Temple in Valley of the Kings

18. The New Kingdom Hatshepsut’s nephew, Thutmose III expanded Egypt’s borders to the Euphrates River What are some things that you think Egypt gained when they conquered lands? Conquered people were enslaved (POW) Slavery becomes widespread

19. Amenhotep IV ruled with his wife, Nefertiti Priests were gaining power He said only one god, Aton, was to be worshipped Priests objected; he removed them Changed his name to Akhenaton, meaning “Spirit of Aton” Egypt lost most of their land in Asia (Hittites) King Tut was Amenhotep’s son-in-law

20. The New Kingdom Ramses II most successful in revamping Egypt; ruled for 60 years Temple is in Valley of the Kings After Ramses, pharaohs had trouble keeping neighboring countries under Egyptian control

21. Fall of Egypt By 1150 B.C.E., Egyptians had lost their empire; controlled only the Nile Delta First conquerors were Libyans The Kush ruled Egypt for 70 years until they were taken over by Assyrians in 670 B.C.E.