1. Morphology 3
Ling400

2. correction
sing/sang: alternation
is/was: suppletion

3. Language Types Analytic (or Isolating) Languages
one word = one morpheme
Example: Chinese
Synthetic Languages
one word may consist of multiple morphemes

4. Synthetic Languages (subtypes)
Agglutinating Languages
Example: Turkish, Japanese
John-ga Bill-o mi-ta.
John-subj Bill-obj see-PAST
Fusional Languages (not easy to identify each morpheme --- bound morphemes are “fused” to the stem)
Example: Spanish (see text)
Polysynthetic Languages
One sentence can consist of “one word”
Example: Sora (spoken in India)

5. Turkish data

6. Turkish data

7. Turkish data Answers: a. [deniz] ‘ocean’ [de] ‘in’ [im] ‘my’
[ev] ‘house’ [e] ‘to [in] ‘of’
[el] ‘hand’ [den] ‘from [imiz] ‘our’
[diS] ‘tooth’ [dZIk] ‘little’ [ler] (plural)
b. noun + ‘little’ + plural + determiner + preposition (postposition to be exact)
c. [eldZIklerimizin]

8. Cebuano

9. Cebuano
Questions:
State the rule (in words, precisely) for deriving language names from the names of ethnic group.
What type of affixation is this?
Answers:
Insert [in] before the first vowel
Affixation (infixing and prefixing)

10. Morphophonemic Rule Plural morpheme in English
books [bUks], baths [bQTs], bat [bQts]
lids [lIdz], pins [pInz], days [dez]
judges [dZ√dZ´z], wishes [wIS´z], kisses [kIs´z]

11. Morphophonimic Rule Plural morpheme in English - Generalization
[´] after sibilant
Otherwise: [s] after [-voice], [z] after [+voice]
Rules: (1) suffix /z/ to any noun for plurality
(2) Insert [´] before the /z/ if the noun ends in a sibilant
(3) /z/  [-voice] / [-voice] ___

12. Morphophonemic Rule This is a phonological process but is
morphologically conditioned. It is sometimes
referred to as a morphophonemic rule/process.
Why? The rule applies only when /z/ indicates plurality:
peace [pis] vs. peas [piz]
race [®eIs] vs. rays [®eIz]
rice [®AIs ] vs. ryes [®AIz ]

13. Analysis of English words
How many morphemes?
denationalization

14. Analysis of English words
5 morphemes
structure? N
de-nation-al-iza-tion whole word: N

15. N V
Adj
pref N suf suf suf
de- nation al ize tion

16. Analysis of English words
Simplification -- How many morphemes?
Simpl(e)-fy-cation 3
Similar example: modifi(y) - cation N V
N suf suf
simpli fi cation