1. Pharmacy History 222 PHCL Muneera Alwhaibi Msc

2. Pharmacy history lab 1 Objectives: Brief overview of profession roots. Brief overview of profession roots. Study history from its origin in ancient Babylonia through the middle of the twentieth century. Study history from its origin in ancient Babylonia through the middle of the twentieth century.

3. Pharmacy events before the middle ages For as long as the human species has encountered disease, injury, and illness, people have sought relief. For as long as the human species has encountered disease, injury, and illness, people have sought relief. Empirically based trial and error. Empirically based trial and error. Knowledge based facts, comprehension. Knowledge based facts, comprehension.

4. Pharmacy events before the middle ages Pharmacy in ancient times Pharmacy in ancient times It was practiced in prehistoric times as people used the water, plants and earth around them for soothing compresses on wounds and ailments. It was practiced in prehistoric times as people used the water, plants and earth around them for soothing compresses on wounds and ailments.

5. Pharmacy events before the middle ages Pharmacy in ancient times As civilization dawned in ancient Mesopotamia (2600 B.C.), Babylonian healing practitioners combined the responsibilities of priest, physician, and pharmacist. As civilization dawned in ancient Mesopotamia (2600 B.C.), Babylonian healing practitioners combined the responsibilities of priest, physician, and pharmacist.

6. Pharmacy events before the middle ages Babylon often called the cradle of civilization, provides the earliest known record of practice of the art of the apothecary. Babylon often called the cradle of civilization, provides the earliest known record of practice of the art of the apothecary. Practitioners of healing of this era (about 2600 B.C.) were priest, pharmacist and physician. Practitioners of healing of this era (about 2600 B.C.) were priest, pharmacist and physician.

7. Sumerian clay cuneiform tablets  Some oldest pharmacy records are found in Sumerian clay cuneiform tablets that date about 2000 B.C.  Medical texts on clay tablets record first the symptoms of illness, the prescription and directions for compounding.

8. Sumerian clay cuneiform tablets Symbols that appear in the 'world's oldest prescription'

9. Pharmacy events before the middle ages Pharmacy in ancient times Pharmacy in ancient times An ancient china (2000 B.C), emperor Shen Nung investigated the medical properties of hundreds of herbs. An ancient china (2000 B.C), emperor Shen Nung investigated the medical properties of hundreds of herbs.

10. Pharmacy events before the middle ages Pharmacy in ancient China: The emperor Shen Nung: Pharmacy in ancient China: The emperor Shen Nung: He recorded and documented 365 native herbal in a book called Shen Nung Pen Ts'ao Ching. He recorded and documented 365 native herbal in a book called Shen Nung Pen Ts'ao Ching. Shen Nung Pen Tsao Ching

11. Pharmacy events before the middle ages Pharmacy in ancient times Pharmacy in ancient times Egyptian priest, prepared medicines. Egyptian priest, prepared medicines. The Ebers papyrus, which dates from The Ebers papyrus, which dates from 1900-1100 B.C, is the best known pharmaceutical record from ancient history. It contains 800 prescriptions using 700 drugs. It contains 800 prescriptions using 700 drugs. Many modern dosage forms are referred to in the Ebers papyrus (gargles, snuffs, inhalations, suppositories…..) Many modern dosage forms are referred to in the Ebers papyrus (gargles, snuffs, inhalations, suppositories…..)

12. Ebers papyrus

13. Pharmacy events before the middle ages Pharmacy in ancient times Pharmacy in ancient times Ancient Greece lived the father of botany, Theophrastus (300 B.C) Ancient Greece lived the father of botany, Theophrastus (300 B.C) has observations about the medicinal qualities of herbs.

14. Pharmacy events before the middle ages Pharmacy in ancient times Pharmacy in ancient times Hippocrates formulated the theory of the four humors that parallel the four elements: Hippocrates formulated the theory of the four humors that parallel the four elements: (air- blood, water- phlegm, earth-black bile, fire- yellow bile). (air- blood, water- phlegm, earth-black bile, fire- yellow bile). He surmised that disease was caused by an imbalance of these bad humors He surmised that disease was caused by an imbalance of these bad humors

15. Pharmacy events before the middle ages Pharmacy in ancient times: Ancient Greece: Hippocrates: Pharmacy in ancient times: Ancient Greece: Hippocrates: Four humors: Essentially, this theory held that the human body was filled with four basic substances, called four humors, which are in balance when a person is healthy. All diseases and disabilities resulted from an excess or deficit of one of these four humors. These deficits could be caused by vapors that were inhaled or absorbed by the body. The four humors were black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, and blood. Four humors: Essentially, this theory held that the human body was filled with four basic substances, called four humors, which are in balance when a person is healthy. All diseases and disabilities resulted from an excess or deficit of one of these four humors. These deficits could be caused by vapors that were inhaled or absorbed by the body. The four humors were black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, and blood.black bileyellow bilephlegmbloodblack bileyellow bilephlegmblood

16. Pharmacy events before the middle ages Pharmacy in ancient times: Ancient Greece:Hippocrates: Pharmacy in ancient times: Ancient Greece:Hippocrates: Four The four humors, their corresponding elements Four The four humors, their corresponding elements Hippocrates is the one usually credited with applying this idea to medicine Hippocrates is the one usually credited with applying this idea to medicine Hippocrates

17. Pharmacy differentiate during middle ages Pharmaceutical knowledge- and the number Pharmaceutical knowledge- and the number of drugs available- grew considerably. Thanks primarily to the Arab world. Thanks primarily to the Arab world. Pharmacy as a separate activity began to develop and privately owned pharmacies were established in Islamic lands. Pharmacy as a separate activity began to develop and privately owned pharmacies were established in Islamic lands. First known apothecary shop was opened in Baghdad in the 8 th century, and the Muslims carried this concept into Europe during wars and other excursions into Africa, Spain, southern France. First known apothecary shop was opened in Baghdad in the 8 th century, and the Muslims carried this concept into Europe during wars and other excursions into Africa, Spain, southern France.

18. Pharmacy differentiate during middle ages

19. Pharmacy events during middle ages Pharmacy differentiate during middle ages Pharmacy differentiate during middle ages Ibn Sina (circa 980-1037)- Avicenna- intellectual giant, he was a physician, poet, philosopher, diplomat, companion of Persian princes and rulers. Ibn Sina (circa 980-1037)- Avicenna- intellectual giant, he was a physician, poet, philosopher, diplomat, companion of Persian princes and rulers. His Canon Medicine brought together the best knowledge of the Greeks and Arabs into a single medical text. His Canon Medicine brought together the best knowledge of the Greeks and Arabs into a single medical text.