1. Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule Bruce Macler USEPA Region 9 415 972-3569 macler.bruce@epa.gov H Br Cl Bromodichloromethane

2. Stage 2 DBPR Will ultimately require TTHM and HAA5 MCL compliance at each monitoring point in distribution system –No averaging across distribution –Goal to control for DBP "hot spots“ –More linkage between wholesalers and retailers Initial Distribution System Evaluation –Monitoring requirement to determine compliance points Proposed August 18, 2003 –Federal Register v.68, n.159, pp49547-49596 Final Rule expected December 15, 2005*

3. *Regulatory Schedule S2 DBPR expected to be signed by EPA Administrator on December 15, 2006 –At same time as LT2 ESWTR Publication in Federal Register is official “promulgation” date- January? 60-day Congressional review hold Rounded to beginning of following month for “effective” date –April 1, 2006 starts the ball rolling

4. Purpose of the Stage 2 DBPR Purpose is to provide additional protection from disinfection byproducts of concern Supplements existing S1 D/DBPR by focusing on parts of distribution system with higher risks

5. Significant Changes from Proposal Proposed Interim “Stage 2A” MCLs to apply before final “Stage 2B” locational MCLs –Deleted these as too complex Proposed early implementation dates –Now will be staggered Proposed system-based monitoring –Now will be based on population served Added criteria and details on “Significant Excursions”

6. Systems Affected by the Stage 2 DBPR Applies to all CWSs and NTNCWSs that add a disinfectant other than UV, or deliver water that has been treated with a disinfectant other than UV –Systems using surface water –Systems using ground water under the influence of surface water –Ground water systems –Consecutive systems Consecutive systems are defined in the Stage 2 Rule as public water systems that buy or otherwise receive some or all of their finished water from one or more wholesale systems for at least 60 days per year.

7. Why Are Consecutive Systems an Issue? Wholesalers’ MCL requirements end at turnouts… Some regulated contaminants increase in the distribution system –TTHMs –Coliform bacteria States have taken varying approaches to regulating DBPs in consecutive systems

8. Definitions Consecutive system is a public water system that buys or otherwise receives some or all of its finished water from one or more wholesale system(s), for at least 60 days per year Finished water is water that is introduced into the distribution system of a public water system and is intended for distribution without further treatment, except that necessary to maintain water quality Wholesale system is a public water system that treats source water and then sells or otherwise delivers finished water to another public water system for at least 60 days per year. Delivery may be through a direct connection or through the distribution system of one or more consecutive systems Combined distribution system is the interconnected distribution system consisting of the distribution systems of wholesale systems and of the consecutive systems that receive finished water from those wholesale systems

9. Stage 2 DBPR Components Initial Distribution System Evaluation (IDSE) New compliance monitoring locations –Sites chosen from IDSE and/or Stage 1 DBPR sites –Locational Running Annual Average –Operational Evaluations Inclusion of consecutive systems Population based compliance Revisions to Stage 1 DBPR –Reduced monitoring based on TOC –Bromate reduced monitoring

10. Source Water TOC Reduced DBP Monitoring Stage 1 DBPR –Systems with TTHM < 0.040 mg/L, HAA5 < 0.030 mg/L, and TOC < 4.0 mg/L as a running annual average can qualify for reduced monitoring of TTHM and HAA5 No timeframe specified Stage 2 DBPR –Timeframe added –To qualify for reduced monitoring sample every 30 days –To stay on reduced monitoring sample every 90 days

11. Reduced Monitoring for Bromate Stage 1 DBPR –Systems that use ozone monitor for bromate at the entry point to the distribution system. –Reduced monitoring if bromide in source water is < 0.05 mg/L –Stays in effect until December 31, 2008 Stage 2 DBPR –Reduced monitoring if bromate is < 0.0025 mg/L RAA at entry point to the distribution system New analytical method for bromate with lower detection limit System must have 12 months of data utilizing new method –Goes into effect January 1, 2009

12. Consecutive Systems Must comply with IDSE requirements Must conduct TTHM and HAA5 compliance monitoring Must comply with the Stage 1 DBPR requirements for chlorine and chloramines –Daily monitoring –MCLs (4.0 mg/L)

13. Challenges for Consecutive Systems If receiving treated water –Likely to contain DBPs already –May contain high levels of precursors and disinfectants that make more DBPs over time Upstream treatment changes may substantially affect downstream water quality –Long-term –Variable or episodic

14. MCL Compliance Challenges for Consecutive Systems S1 DBPR controlled DBP precursors –Not an option for consecutive systems S2 DBPR introduces new BATs for consecutive systems –Chloramination (>10,000 only) –Management of flow and storage These may not work –May need locational treatment in distribution system

15. Population-Based Monitoring and Scheduling Stage 1 DBPR –Scheduling based on source water type and population served –Monitoring based on source water type, population served, and number of plants Stage 2 DBPR –Scheduling based on source water type, population served, and population of systems in combined distribution system –Monitoring based on source water type and population served

16. Combined Distribution Systems (CDS) All systems in a CDS (i.e., wholesalers, consecutive systems) must comply with Stage 2 DBPR requirements on the same schedule –Compliance date is based on the largest system in the CDS –Largest system is not necessarily the wholesaler State has discretion to determine CDS –Emergency or seasonal connections

17. Combined Distribution Systems Combined Distribution System Treatment Plant R i v e r Wholesale System Consecutive System System ASystem BSystem C

18. Combined Distribution System Example System A System serving 12,000 System B System serving 60,000 System C System serving 500 Who treats and sells water to... Sells water to... All 3 systems must comply based on the schedule of System B (Schedule 2)

19. Violations Monitoring and MCL violations are attributed to the PWS where the violation occurred System A sells to System B and a violation occurs in System B A B System B is in violation because it has the legal responsibility for complying with the MCL System B may set up a contract with System A that details water quality delivery specifications Example

20. Public Notice and Consumer Confidence Reports Responsibility of individual system Wholesale system is responsible for notifying the consecutive system of analytical results and violations related to monitoring Consecutive system must include the wholesale system’s monitoring results in the consumer confidence report Consecutive system must conduct appropriate public notification upon a violation (whether in the wholesale or consecutive system)

21. Initial Distribution System Evaluation (IDSE) Studies conducted by water systems to identify distribution system locations that represent high TTHM and HAA5 levels Results of the IDSE are used to select Stage 2 compliance monitoring sites Not required for NTNCWSs serving fewer than 10,000 people In addition to current regulatory monitoring

22. Initial Distribution System Evaluation Options Standard monitoring –One-year study of TTHM and HAA levels in distribution system using protocol System-specific study using models and data –Must accomplish same goal as standard approach “40/30 Monitoring Waiver” –ALL existing data are <40 ug/L for TTHM and <30 ug/L for HAA Very small systems waiver –<500 people and existing monitoring site representative

23. IDSE Options (cont.) Systems serving < 500 people Can be granted by the State, if the State determines that the Stage 1 site represents both high TTHM and HAA5 concentrations Waiver All Stage 1 compliance monitoring results (not just LRAAs) are under 40  g/L TTHM and 30  g/L HAA5 Monitoring periods are specified in rule Very Small System Waiver 40/30 Certification

24. IDSE Options (cont.) The system must evaluate DBP concentrations throughout the distribution system using existing data source or combination of data sources (e.g., historical data, hydraulic monitoring results) Report must be submitted to the State System must conduct 1 year of distribution system monitoring for TTHM and HAA5 Report must be submitted to the State System Specific Study (SSS) Standard Monitoring Program (SMP)

25. Compliance Spread Over Time Systems >100,000 plus consecutives start first –257 SW+ 22 GW systems in R9 Systems 50-100K plus consecutives –Start six months after first group –69 SW + 33 GW systems in next group Systems 10-50K plus consecutives –Start six months after second group –86 SW + 181 GW Systems <10K –Start six months after third group –535 SW + 3516 GW

26. IDSE Schedule Systems Serving: Submit 40/30 Cert. or Monitoring Plan By: Complete IDSE Study By: Submit IDSE Report By: 1 > 100,000June 30, 2006June 30, 2008Sep 30, 2008 2 50,000– 99,999 Dec 31, 2006Dec 31, 2008Mar 31, 2009 3 10,000– 49,999 June 30, 2007June 30, 2009Sep 30, 2009 4 < 10,000Dec 31, 2007Dec 31, 2009Mar 31, 2010 Schedule for systems in a combined distribution system is based on that of the largest system in the combined distribution system

27. IDSE Challenges for Consecutive Systems No previous DBP monitoring requirements –May lack data to determine appropriate monitoring locations for Stage 2 DBPR –May not be eligible for VSS Waiver or 40/30 Certification under IDSE Must work with wholesaler, maybe others –Work together to find or get data –Samples may have been taken in consecutive system’s distribution system

28. Standard Monitoring One of four options for compliance with IDSE requirements Most systems that need to complete an IDSE will use this option- hopefully! Process is set by U.S. EPA –Frequency, number, and location of samples

29. Standard Monitoring IDSE Steps Select locations for Standard Monitoring Prepare and submit Standard Monitoring plan –Primacy Agency must approve or modify the plan Conduct Standard Monitoring –12 months of monitoring for TTHM and HAA5 Select Stage 2 DBPR compliance monitoring locations Prepare and submit IDSE report

30. Required Components of Standard Monitoring Plan Distribution system schematic –Entry points and sources –Locations and dates of proposed Standard Monitoring sites –Locations and dates of Stage 1 DBPR monitoring sites Population served Source water type Justification of Standard Monitoring sites –Must include data used to justify selection of Standard Monitoring sites

31. Sampling Requirements What, where, and how often do I sample? –Samples Collected Dual sample set (both TTHM and HAA5) collected at all locations –Sample Locations High TTHM levels High HAA5 levels Average Residence Time Near Entry Points –Number of sites Based on system type –Sample Frequency 1, 4 or 6 samples during the year at each location Number based on population served and source type

32. Standard Monitoring Requirements When do I sample? –Sample months Peak historical month –Peak TTHM levels or –Peak HAA5 levels or –Month of warmest water temperature Subsequent sample months every 60 days or every 90 days from peak historical month

33. TTHM and HAA5 Standard Monitoring (1) For GW systems or systems that purchase GW Population Frequenc y Tota l Near EP ART High TTHM High HAA5 < 5001/year (2) 21 (3) -1- 500-9,999 4 (every 90 days) 2--11 10,000 – 99,99961122 100,000-499,99981133 > 500,000122244 (1) A dual sample set (i.e., a TTHM and an HAA5 sample) must be taken at each monitoring location during each monitoring period. (2) Taken during peak historical month. The peak historical month is the month with the highest TTHM or HAA5 levels or the warmest water temperature. (3) You must monitor at or near the entry point if you are a consecutive system. If you are not a consecutive system, you must monitor at a high HAA5 location.

34. TTHM and HAA5 Standard Monitoring For Surface and GWUDI systems and systems that purchase surface or GWUDI PopulationFrequencyTotal Near EP ART High TTHM High HAA 5 <5001/year (2) 21 (3) -1- 500-3,300 4 (every 90 days) 2--11 3,301-9,9994-121 10,000-49,999 6 (every 60 days) 81232 50,000- 249,999163454 250,000-999,999244686 1M-4,999,9993268108 > 5M408101210

35. Standard Monitoring Site Selection – Justification Plan must include a justification for the selection of sites to be sampled during Standard Monitoring Data sources and tools –Distribution system maps –Water quality data –Distribution system operating data

36. Factors Affecting DBP Formation Precursor concentration Disinfectant - type and dose Water chemistry Water temperature Water age Biodegradation of HAAs

37. High TTHM concentration Organics TTHM Formation Disinfection

38. High HAA5 concentration HAA5 Formation Organics Disinfection

39. Data Sources and Tools for Site Selection Distribution system maps –Pipes Dead ends Length and diameter Age and material –Land use Highly and lightly developed areas Major users –Entry points and sources –Key components Tanks, pump stations, booster chlorination

40. Data Sources and Tools for Site Selection Water quality data –Source water quality –DBP data Can use Stage 1 DBPR data for information Cannot use Stage 1 DBPR sites for Standard Monitoring sites –Disinfectant residual data Can be indicative of water age May indicate biodegradation of HAA5

41. Data Sources and Tools for Site Selection Distribution system operating data –Understanding water flow Pump run times Metered flows between pressure zones Billing records for major users Advanced tools (hydraulic modeling or tracer studies) –Impact of tanks Tank level records and tank configurations –Impact of booster chlorination

42. Selecting Near Entry Point Sites Tools –Distribution system map Location –After treatment –Before first customer (not required) If fewer entry points than needed –Replace with high TTHM and HAA5 sites Alternate, starting with TTHM

43. Selecting Near Entry Point Sites– Example System needs 1 location near entry point System has 2 surface water treatment plants and 1 well = 3 entry points System considers flows from each source –WTP 1 – 5 MGD –WTP 2 – 3 MGD –Well 1 – 0.75 MGD Locate site near entry point for WTP 1 WTP 1: 5 MGD WTP 2: 3 MGD Well 1: 0.75 MGD x Monitoring Location

44. Selecting Average Residence Time Sites Determination –Flow weighted calculation –Population weighted calculation Tools –Distribution system map –Distribution system operational data Hydraulic modeling or tracer study Pump run times, metered flow –Distribution system water quality data Average Disinfectant Residual

45. Selecting High TTHM Sites TTHM formation –Advanced water age is primary factor Good TTHM sites –Downstream of tanks –Dead ends, but prior to last customer –Hydraulic dead ends and mixing zones –Downstream of booster chlorination –Sites with difficulty maintaining residual –Areas with low water use –Areas of high historic levels

46. Selecting High HAA5 Sites HAA5 formation –Water age, but also consider biodegradation Avoid –Areas with known biofilm growth –Areas with difficulty maintaining a residual Good HAA5 sites –Downstream of booster chlorination –Sites with low but detectable residual –Areas of high historic levels –Downstream of tanks –Hydraulic dead ends and mixing zones –Areas with low water use

47. Standard Monitoring Site Selection Data Sources and Tools Disinfectant residual, maps, models, etc. Select Candidate Sites Select Standard Monitoring Sites Narrow Down Selection Preliminary data will present many “candidate sites” from which the system can choose “selected sites”

48. Final “Selected” Sites Some site selection will be obvious –Near entry point Others will require professional judgment –Consider geographic representation –Consider hydraulic representation –Consider areas fed by sources with higher DBPs –Use sites that “multi-task” –Consider accessibility

49. Submitting Standard Monitoring Plan Once the system has collected and analyzed its information, it must prepare the plan and submit it to the Primacy Agency –Must include required information

50. Primacy Agency Review of Standard Monitoring Plan Primacy Agency will review the monitoring plan submitted by the system –Verify that it contains required elements –Review Standard Monitoring site selection and justification Primacy Agency may approve or modify plan If the Primacy Agency does not take action within 12 months from the date when the Plan was due, the system can consider the plan approved

51. Next Steps Conduct 12 months of monitoring based on Standard Monitoring Plan –As approved or amended by Primacy Agency –Begin monitoring when plan has been approved, or 12 months from submission deadline Prepare and submit IDSE report –Purpose of the report is to identify Stage 2 DBPR Compliance Monitoring Sites

52. Selecting Stage 2 Monitoring Sites Calculate a locational running annual average (LRAA) for each IDSE site and Stage 1 DBPR site Select sites with highest LRAA values according to Stage 2 requirements May select sites with slightly lower LRAA values, but must provide rationale in report –Provides better geographic coverage –Maintain historic data collection –Site is used to sample for other water quality parameters

53. IDSE Reporting Requirements If using 40/30 certification waiver –All TTHM and HAA5 results from compliance monitoring required to qualify for the 40/30 certification –All TTHM and HAA5 results from compliance monitoring taken after the qualifying period for State review –A schematic of the distribution system with results noted –Proposed Stage 2B sites and schedule

54. IDSE Reporting Requirements If using System Specific Study –All studies, reports, analytical results, and modeling used –Stage 1 TTHM and HAA5 analytical results from the study period –A schematic of the distribution system –Proposed Stage 2B monitoring sites and schedule

55. IDSE Reporting Requirements If using Standard Monitoring Plan –SMP and Stage 1 TTHM and HAA5 analytical results –The original monitoring plan and data used to justify SMP site selections –A schematic of the distribution system with the results, location, and date of all SMP and Stage 1 samples noted –Proposed Stage 2 monitoring sites and schedule –Justification for Stage 2 selection if needed

56. System Recordkeeping Must keep a copy of their IDSE plan and IDSE report as well as state modification or approval for 10 years after date of submittal Make all available for review by the state or the public CCR must include the range of sample results from the IDSE monitoring in same calendar year as sampling occurred

57. Primacy Agency Recordkeeping Must retain a copy of IDSE study plan and any modifications until replaced by the approved IDSE report Must retain a copy of IDSE report and any modifications until replaced or revised in its entirety

58. Stage 2 Implications for R9 DW Systems Monitoring is complex –Expect M/R violations For most systems, few changes in monitoring points expected Hot spots will be found for some, but unclear how they can be controlled