1. 1 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 13 Computer Hardware

2. 2 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objectives  Identify the major types and uses of microcomputer, midrange, and mainframe computer systems.  Outline the major technologies and uses of computer peripherals for input, output, and storage.

3. 3 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objectives (continued)  Identify the components and functions of a computer system.  Identify the computer system and peripherals you would acquire or recommend for a business of your choice.

4. 4 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Section I Computer Systems: End User and Enterprise Computing

5. 5 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Types of Computer Systems  All computers are systems of input, processing, output, storage, and control components.  Three basic categories  Mainframe  Midrange computers  Microcomputers

6. 6 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Types of Computer Systems (continued)  Mainframe  Enterprise systems  Superservers  Transaction processors  Supercomputers

7. 7 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Types of Computer Systems (continued)  Midrange  Network servers  Minicomputers  Web servers  Multi-user systems

8. 8 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Types of Computer Systems (continued)  Microcomputers  Personal computers  Network computers  Technical workstations  PDAs  Information appliances

9. 9 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Microcomputer Systems  The most important category of computers  Desktop  Laptop  Workstation computers  Network servers

10. 10 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Microcomputer Systems (continued)  Selection criteria  Solid performance at a reasonable price  Operating system ready  Connectivity

11. 11 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Microcomputer Systems (continued)  Network computers  Designed primarily for use with the Internet and corporate intranets  For specialized or limited computing applications  Lower cost of purchase, upgrades, maintenance, and support

12. 12 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Microcomputer Systems (continued)  Network computers (continued)  Other benefits  Ease of software distribution and licensing  Computing platform standardization  Reduced end user requirements  Improved manageability

13. 13 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Microcomputer Systems (continued)  Information appliances  PDAs  Set-top boxes and video-game consoles  Wireless PDAs  Cellular and PCS phones

14. 14 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Microcomputer Systems (continued)  Computer terminals  Dumb terminals  Intelligent terminals  Network terminals  Transaction terminals

15. 15 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Midrange Computer Systems  Multi-user systems that can manage networks of PCs and terminals  Less costly to buy, operate, and maintain than mainframes  Popular as network servers  Minicomputers

16. 16 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Mainframe Computer Systems  Large, fast, powerful  Handle high transaction processing volumes or complex computational problems  Superservers for large client/server networks and high-volume Internet websites  Popular for data mining and warehousing

17. 17 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Mainframe Computer Systems (continued)  Supercomputers  Extremely powerful systems specifically designed for scientific, engineering, and business applications requiring extremely high speeds for massive numeric computations  Use parallel processing architectures  Process at speeds measured in gigaflops and teraflops

18. 18 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Computer System Concept  Computers are organized according to the following system functions:  Input  Keyboards  Touch screens  Pens  Electronic mice  Optical scanners  Convert data into electronic form

19. 19 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Computer System Concept (continued)  Processing  Central Processing Unit (CPU)  Two subunits  Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU)  Control Unit

20. 20 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Computer System Concept (continued)  Output  Video display units  Printers  Audio response units  Convert electronic information into human-intelligible form

21. 21 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Computer System Concept (continued)  Storage  Store data and software instructions  May also include cache memory  Primary storage unit (hard drive)  Secondary storage  Magnetic disks  Optical disk drives

22. 22 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Computer System Concept (continued)  Control  The registers and other circuits of the control unit interpret software instructions and transmit directions to the other components of the computer system

23. 23 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Computer System Concept (continued)  Computer processing speeds  Milliseconds (thousandths of a second)  Microseconds (millionths of a second)  Nanoseconds (billionths of a second)  Picoseconds (trillionths of a second)

24. 24 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Computer System Concept (continued)  Clock speeds  Megahertz (MHz)  Millions of cycles per second  Gigahertz (GHz)  Billions of cycles per second

25. 25 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Section II Computer Peripherals: Input, Output, and Storage Technologies

26. 26 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Peripherals  Generic name given to all input, output, and secondary storage devices  Depend on direct connections or telecommunications links to the CPU  All peripherals are online devices

27. 27 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Input Technologies  Natural user interface  Enter data and commands directly into a computer  Electronic mice and touch pads  Optical scanning, handwriting recognition, voice recognition

28. 28 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Pointing Devices  Used for entering data and text  Work with your operating system’s graphical user interface (GUI)

29. 29 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Pointing Devices (continued)  Electronic mouse  Trackball  Pointing stick  Touch pad  Touch screen

30. 30 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Pen-Based Computing  Used in many hand-held computers and PDAs  Digitizer pen  Graphics tablet

31. 31 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Speech Recognition Systems  Digitize, analyze, and classify your speech and its sound patterns  Allow operators to perform data entry without using their hands to key in data or instructions  Speaker-independent  Voice-messaging computers

32. 32 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Optical Scanning  Read text or graphics and convert them into digital input  Employ photoelectric devices to scan the characters being read

33. 33 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Optical Scanning (continued)  Optical character recognition (OCR)  Reads OCR characters & codes  Merchandise tags  Product labels  Sort mail, score tests  Hand-held optical scanning wands  Reads bar coding  Universal Product Code (UPC)

34. 34 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Other Input Technologies  Magnetic stripe technology  Credit cards  Smart cards  Embedded microprocessor chip  Debit, credit, and other cards

35. 35 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Other Input Technologies (continued)  Digital cameras  Still cameras  Digital camcorders

36. 36 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Other Input Technologies (continued)  Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) technology  Used by banks to sort and post checks and deposit slips  14 characters of a standardized design  Reader-sorters

37. 37 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Output Technologies  Video  Print  Storage

38. 38 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Video Output  Video monitors  Cathode ray tube (CRT)  Liquid crystal displays (LCDs)

39. 39 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed Output  Inkjet  Spray ink onto the page one line at a time  Laser  Use an electrostatic process similar to a copier

40. 40 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Storage Trade-Offs

41. 41 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Storage Trade-Offs (continued)  Computer storage fundamentals  Information is stored through the presence or absence of electronic or magnetic signals  Binary representation  1 = ON  0 = OFF

42. 42 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Storage Trade-Offs (continued)  Computer storage fundamentals (continued)  Bit  The smallest element of data  May have a value of either one or zero  Byte  Basic grouping of bits  Typically, a byte consists of 8 bits and represents one character of data

43. 43 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Storage Trade-Offs (continued)  Computer storage fundamentals (continued)  Storage capacities  Kilobytes (KB)  1,000 bytes  Megabytes (MB)  1 million bytes

44. 44 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Storage Trade-Offs (continued)  Computer storage fundamentals (continued)  Gigabytes (GB)  1 billion bytes  Terabytes (TB)  1 trillion bytes  Petabyte (PB)  1 quadrillion bytes

45. 45 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Storage Trade-Offs (continued)  Direct and sequential access  Terms direct access and random access describe the same concept  An element of data or instructions can be directly stored and retrieved by selecting and using any of the locations on the storage media  Each storage position  Has a unique address  Can be individually accessed in approximately the same time

46. 46 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Storage Trade-Offs (continued)  Direct and sequential access (continued)  Sequential access  Does not have unique storage addresses  Serial process  Data are recorded one after another in a predetermined sequence.  Locating an individual item requires searching all of the data until the desired item is located

47. 47 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Storage Trade-Offs (continued)

48. 48 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Semiconductor Memory  Primary storage of your computer  Advantages  Small size  Great speed  Shock and temperature resistant  Disadvantage  Volatility

49. 49 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Semiconductor Memory (continued)  Two basic types of semiconductor memory  RAM – random access memory  Volatile memory  Read/write memory  “working” memory

50. 50 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Semiconductor Memory (continued)  ROM – read only memory  Nonvolatile  Used for permanent storage  Can be read but not erased or overwritten

51. 51 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Semiconductor Memory (continued)  Variations of ROM  PROM  Programmable read only memory  EPROM  Erasable programmable read only memory

52. 52 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Magnetic Disk Storage  Most common form of secondary storage  Data is recorded on tracks in the form of tiny magnetized spots  Thousands of bytes recorded on each track

53. 53 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Magnetic Disk Storage (continued)  Types of Magnetic Disks  Floppy disks  Zip disks  Hard disk drives

54. 54 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Magnetic Disk Storage (continued)  Redundant arrays of independent disks (RAID)  Provides large capacities with high access speeds  Data are accessed in parallel over multiple paths from many disks  Fault tolerant  Storage area networks (SANs)  Fiber channel LANs that connect many RAID units

55. 55 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Magnetic Tape Storage  Used as secondary storage  Also used in robotic automated drive assemblies  Lower-cost storage  Archival storage

56. 56 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Optical Disk Storage  CD-ROM  CD-R  CD-RW  DVD  DVD-ROM  DVD-RAM

57. 57 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Optical Disk Storage (continued)  Business applications  Image processing  Provide access to reference materials in a convenient, compact form  videos

58. 58 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Discussion Questions  Do you agree with the statement: “The network is the computer”?  What trends are occurring in the development and use of the major types of computer systems?

59. 59 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Discussion Questions (continued)  Do you think that network computers (NCs) will replace personal computers (PCs) in business applications?  Are networks of PCs and servers making mainframe computers obsolete?

60. 60 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Discussion Questions (continued)  What trends are occurring in the development and use of peripheral devices? Why are those trends occurring?  When would you recommend the use of each of the following:  Network computers  NetPCs  Network terminals  Information appliances in business applications

61. 61 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Discussion Questions (continued)  What processor, memory, magnetic disk storage, and video display capabilities would you require for a personal computer that you would use for business purposes?  What other peripheral devices and capabilities would you want to have for your business PC?

62. 62 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Real World Case 1 – City of Richmond & Tim Beaty Builders  The Business Value of PDAs  What are the business benefits of PDAs for business applications?  What are the limitations of PDAs for business use?

63. 63 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Real World Case 1 (continued)  The City of Richmond now wants to use tablet PCs for some applications. What are the advantages of tablet PCs over PDAs and laptop PCs for business applications?

64. 64 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Real World Case 1 (continued)  Will the convergence of PDAs, sub-notebook PCs, and cell phones produce an information appliance that will make all of those categories obsolete?

65. 65 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Real World Case 2 – United Technologies & Eastman Kodak  The Business Case for Consolidating Computer Operations and Systems  What are some of the business benefits that United Technologies will gain from the consolidation of its computer systems, data centers, software, and help centers?  What limitations might there be?

66. 66 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Real World Case 2 (continued)  What are the business benefits of standardizing on selected models from one manufacturer of desktop and laptop PCs as UTC did with Dell and Kodak did with IBM?  What limitations might there be?

67. 67 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Real World Case 2 (continued)  What are the business benefits of UTC’s policy of “locking down” its new Dell PCs so employees can’t download other software from the Internet?  Do you agree with this policy?

68. 68 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Real World Case 2 (continued)  Should a conglomerate like UTC with many diverse companies standardize its PC hardware and software and lock out downloads of other software?

69. 69 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Real World Case 3 – Boscov’s, Winnebago, & WPS Health  Moving to Linux on the Mainframe  How can a mainframe run the equivalent of hundreds of Linux server applications at the same time?

70. 70 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Real World Case 3 (continued)  Why can the total cost of ownership of running Linux applications on the mainframe be less than on Intel-based servers?  What other IT and business benefits may be achieved?

71. 71 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Real World Case 3 (continued)  What challenges or limitations can arise in moving business applications from servers to Linux on a mainframe?

72. 72 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Real World Case 4 – La-Z-Boy & Corporate Express  The Business Benefits of Server Consolidation  What are the business and technical benefits of using multiple servers to run business applications for a company?

73. 73 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Real World Case 4 (continued)  What are the business and technical challenges facing companies who depend on many distributed server systems?

74. 74 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Real World Case 4 (continued)  What are the business and technical benefits of server consolidation initiatives?  What are the limitations of such a strategy?

75. 75 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Real World Case 5 – Los Alamos National Laboratory  The ROI of Blade Servers  What are the business and technical benefits of using blade servers versus rack-mounted or traditional servers?

76. 76 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Real World Case 5 (continued)  What limitations or challenges might there be in the use of blade servers?

77. 77 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Real World Case 5 (continued)  When should a company consider using blade servers?