1. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Slides prepared by Jay Withgott and Heidi Marcum Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Ch 10 Agriculture, Biotechnology, and the Future of Food Part 2: Environmental Issues and the Search for Solutions

2. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Today, we are producing more food per person Food production currently exceeds population growth We produce food through technology -Some Examples: Fossil fuels, irrigation, fertilizer, pesticides, genetic modifications

3. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Food security Food security = the guarantee of adequate and reliable food supply to all people at all times Fewer people today are hungry than in 1970 We have reduced hunger by half since 1970 -But, 850 million people still go hungry

4. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings We face both too little and too much food Undernourishment = people receive less than 90% of their daily caloric needs -Mainly from economic reasons in developing countries -31 million Americans are food insecure Overnutrition = receiving too many calories -In the U.S., 25% of adults are obese -Worldwide, more than 300 million people are obese Malnutrition = a shortage of nutrients the body needs -The diet lacks adequate vitamins and minerals

5. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Monocultures increase output, but at a cost Monoculture = a large expanse of a single crop -More efficient, increases output -Devastates biodiversity -Susceptible to disease and pests Narrows human diet: 90% of our food comes from 15 crop species and 8 livestock species Armyworms easily defoliate monocultures

6. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Pests and pollinators Pest = any organism that damages valuable crops Weed = any plant that competes with crops Pesticides = poisons that target pest organisms -Insecticides = target insects -Herbicides = target plants -Fungicides = target fungi 400 million kg (900 million lbs.) of pesticides are applied in the U.S. each year -75% of this is applied to agricultural land -Usage is increasing in developing countries

7. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Resistance to pesticides Some individuals are genetically immune to a pesticide -They survive and pass these genes to their offspring Pesticides stop being effective -Evolutionary arms race: chemists increase chemical toxicity to compete with resistant pests

8. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Biological control Biological control (Biocontrol) = uses a pest’s natural predators to control the pestBiological control (Biocontrol) -Reduces pest populations without chemicals -Cactus moths control prickly pear

9. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Biocontrol agents may become pests themselves 1. Can’t predict their effect 2. Unintended effects -Cactus moths are eating rare Florida cacti 3. Removing a biocontrol agent is harder than halting pesticide use

10. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings We depend on insects to pollinate crops Not all insects are pests; some are absolutely vital -800 cultivated plant species rely on insect pollinators Pollination = male plant sex cells fertilize female sex cellsPollination -By wind or animals Pollinators include: -Hummingbirds -Bats -Insects Flowers are evolutionary adaptations to attract pollinators

11. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Genetically modified organisms Genetic engineering = laboratory manipulation of genetic material Genetically modified organisms = organisms that have been genetically engineered to increase food supply

12. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Genetic engineering has both benefits and risks Benefits of genetic engineering: -Increased nutritional content -Increased agricultural efficiency -Rapid growth -Disease and pest resistance Negatives of genetic engineering: -can outcompete native plants -Human health concerns?

13. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Biotechnology is impacting our lives Biotechnology = the material application of biological science to create products derived from organisms Transgenic organism = an organism that contains DNA from another species -Transgenes = the genes that have moved between organisms Biotechnology has created medicines, cleaned up pollution, and dissolves blood clots

14. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Ice Minus Strawberries Problem: Strawberries are sensitive to frost Genetic Modified Solution: gene “ice plus gene” from (bacteria) P. syringae This gene produces a protein that is resistant to frost Strawberries become transgenetic organism because they contain a gene from P. syringae (bacteria)

15. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Some genetically modified foods

16. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Genetic engineering versus agricultural breeding (Artificial Selection or selective Breeding) Artificial selection has influenced the genetic makeup of livestock and crops for thousands of years Only breed animals or plants that have desirable trait Example

17. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Proponents of GM crops say GM foods are safe Critics of GM foods say: -Traditional breeding uses genes from the same species -Selective breeding deals with whole organisms, not just genes -In traditional breeding, genes come together on their own

18. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Biotechnology is changing our world GM foods become big business Most GM crops are herbicide resistant -Farmers apply herbicides to kill weeds, and crops survive -Most U.S. soybeans, corn, cotton, and canola are genetically modified Globally, more than 10 million farmers grew GM foods on 102 million ha of farmland, producing $6.15 billion worth of crops

19. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings What are the impacts of GM crops? As GM crops expanded, scientists and citizens became concerned -Dangerous to human health -Escaping transgenes could pollute ecosystems and damage nontarget organisms -Pests could evolve resistance -Could ruin the integrity of native plants and animals -Interbreed with closely related wild plants

20. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Supporters maintain that GM crops are safe Supporters make the following points: -GM crops pose no ill health effects -They benefit the environment by using less herbicides -Herbicide-resistant crops encourage no-till farming -GM crops reduce carbon emissions by needing fewer fuel-burning tractors and sequestering carbon in the soil by no-till farming Critics argue that we should adopt the precautionary principle = don’t do any new action until it’s understood

21. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Studies on GM foods show mixed results Between 2003 and 2005, the British government commissioned three large-scale studies, which showed -GM crops could produce long-term financial benefits -Little to no evidence was found of harm to human health, but effects on wildlife and ecosystems are not well known

22. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The GM debate involves more than science Ethical issues plays a large role -People don’t like “tinkering” with “natural” foods -With increasing use, people are forced to use GM products, or go to special effort to avoid them -Multinational corporations threaten the small farmer -Research is funded by corporations that will profit if GM foods are approved for use -Crops that benefit small, poor farmers are not widely commercialized The GM industry is driven by market considerations of companies selling proprietary products

23. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings GMO producers are suing farmers Monsanto has launched 90 lawsuits against 147 farmers, winning an average $412,000 per case -Monsanto charged farmer Percy Schmeiser of Canada with using its patented GM seeds without paying for them -Schmeiser charged the seeds blew onto his field from the neighbor’s adjacent field -The courts sided with Monsanto, saying Schmeiser had violated Monsanto’s patent Farmers say that “[they] are being sued for having GMOs on their property that they did not buy, do not want, will not use, and cannot sell”

24. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Preserving crop diversity: seed banks Seed banks = institutions that preserve seed types as a kind of living museum of genetic diversity -Seeds are collected and preserved, and periodically planted -Funding is not adequate for these facilities The Royal Botanic Garden’s Millennium Seed Bank in Britain holds more than 1 billion seeds

25. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Question: Why is there a controversy over using grain to fatten cattle? From: Time, November 8, 1999

26. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Cows Stomach · 1.Rumen: four chamber stomach 2.contain bacteria that can convert plant tissue to animal protein/fat 3.neutral in pH

27. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Cows digestive system designed for grass NOT corn Corn sits in gut giving bacteria a chance to grow exponentially Stomach turns acidic Bacteria becomes acid resistant Accumulated E. coliE. coli Close quarters cows stand in feces

28. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Manure runoff

29. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Feces can wash away and carry E. coli to nearby farmsE. coli

30. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings How are animals allowed to live in close quarters? Pump them with antibiotics! Chickens and cows are given antibiotics, you eat the chicken and cows, you ingest the antibiotics

31. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Antibiotic Resistance

32. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The benefits and drawbacks of feedlots The benefits of feedlots include: -Greater production of food -Unavoidable in countries with high levels of meat consumption, like the U.S. -They take livestock off the land and reduces the impact that they would have on it Drawbacks of feedlots include: -Contributions to water and air pollution -Poor waste containment causes outbreaks in disease -Heavy uses of antibiotics to control disease

33. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Energy choices through food choices 90% of energy is lost every time energy moves from one trophic level to the next The lower on the food chain from which we take our food sources, the more people the Earth can support. Some animals convert grain into meat more efficiently than others

34. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Environmental ramifications of eating meat Land and water are needed to raise food for livestock Producing eggs and chicken meat requires the least space and water -Producing beef requires the most When we choose what to eat, we also choose how we use resources

35. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Aquaculture World fish populations are plummeting -Technology and increased demand Aquaculture = raising aquatic organisms for food in a controlled environment -Aquatic species are raised in open-water pens or land-based ponds

36. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Aquaculture is growing rapidly The fastest-growing type of food production -Provides a third of the world’s fish for human consumption -Most widespread in Asia

37. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The benefits and drawbacks of aquaculture Benefits: -A reliable protein source -Sustainable -Reduces fishing pressure on overharvested wild fish stocks -Energy efficient Drawbacks: -Diseases can occur, requiring expensive antibiotics -Large amounts of waste -Farmed fish may escape and introduce disease into the wild

38. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Sustainable Agriculture Sustainable agriculture = does not deplete soil, pollute water, or decrease genetic diversity Organic agriculture = Uses no synthetic fertilizers, insecticides, fungicides, or herbicides -Relies on biological approaches (composting and biocontrol)

39. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings A standardized meaning for “organic” People debate the meaning of the word “organic” -Organic Food Production Act (1990) establishes national standards for organic products -The USDA issued criteria in 2000 by which food could be labeled organic -Some states pass even stricter guidelines for labeling

40. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The benefits of organic farming For farmers: -Lower input costs, enhanced income from higher- value products, reduced chemical costs and pollution -Obstacles include the risks and costs of switching to new farming methods and less market infrastructure For consumers: -Concern about pesticide’s health risks -A desire to improve environmental quality -Obstacles include the added expense and less aesthetically appealing appearance of the product

41. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Organic agriculture succeeds in cities Community gardens = areas where residents can grow their own food

42. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings CSA Fresh, local produce in season Community-supported agriculture = consumers pay farmers in advance for a share of their yield -Consumers get fresh food -Farmers get a guaranteed income

43. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Food Club Sustainable farm sells food within a certain radius of the farm. Order food and then pick up at centralized location

44. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings QUESTION: Review Why has our production of food increased, despite the growing population? a)We have become more sustainable in food production b)We have converted much more land to agricultural production c)Technology in the form of fossil fuels, pesticides, and fertilizers have increased production d)We have not produced more food in the past several decades

45. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings QUESTION: Review Which term means “a shortage of nutrients the body needs”? a)Undernourishment b)Overnutrition c)Food security d)Malnutrition

46. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings QUESTION: Review Which of the following is NOT correct about monocultures? a)They are an efficient way to produce food b)They increase biodiversity c)They make crops more susceptible to diseases d)They narrow human diets

47. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings QUESTION: Review Which of the following is not a part of Integrated Pest Management (IPM)? a)No-till farming b)Biocontrol c)Some chemical use d)All are part of IPM

48. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings QUESTION: Review How does GM food production differ from traditional, selective breeding? a)It does not differ b)It uses genes from different species c)It involves more fieldwork d)It works better in developing countries

49. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings QUESTION: Review What is a “seed bank”? a)An institution that preserves seed types for their genetic diversity b)A form of banking in developing countries, where people can put their excess seeds up as collateral for a loan c)A form of genetically modified organism d)An area where livestock are fed high-quality grains

50. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings QUESTION: Review Which of the following is the fastest growing type of agriculture? a)Concentrated animal feeding operations b)Sustainable agriculture c)Aquaculture d)Monocultures

51. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings QUESTION: Weighing the Issues Given that the green revolution has increased crop yields, but only by using increased fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation, and hybrid seed, do you consider it a success? a)Yes, because more people were fed, regardless of the price b)Yes, because industrialized countries can help through education and technology c)No, we will have to eventually pay the environmental costs of producing food in this way d)It does not matter; I can buy food whenever I want

52. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings QUESTION: Weighing the Issues Factory farming allows us to have high consumption of meat products. However, many people are troubled by the conditions that animals are kept in. Should the quality of the animals’ lives be considered when we decide how to raise food? a)Yes, the quality of an animal’s life is important, too b)Yes, but only if it does not interfere with access to meat c)No, animals have no right to a quality of life d)I don’t care; I’m not particularly fond of cows or chickens

53. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data If the average person eats 3 kg of meat per week, how many kg of grain are required if the meat came from a cow? a)60 kg b)22 kg c)3 kg d)12 kg

54. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data Although both food production and nitrogen use increased, what does the graph tell us about their relationship? a) Population grew faster than fertilizer use b) Fertilizer use grew faster than population c) They both grew at the same rate d) Both grew, but are now slowing down