1. QUOTATION You are going to learn all about using quotation. You are going to learn all about using quotation. Have pen/pencil ready to take notes. Have pen/pencil ready to take notes. Throughout the show click mouse to view next item. Throughout the show click mouse to view next item.

2. WHAT IS QUOTATION? When you QUOTE in a Critical Response or Critical Essay you When you QUOTE in a Critical Response or Critical Essay you write down the exact words of the text. write down the exact words of the text. so you are using the writer’s own words. so you are using the writer’s own words.

3. WHY USE QUOTATION? A Critical Essay/Response is not complete without QUOTATIONS. A Critical Essay/Response is not complete without QUOTATIONS. QUOTATIONS allow you to show off your knowledge of the text. QUOTATIONS allow you to show off your knowledge of the text. QUOTATIONS allow you to prove your points with evidence from the text. QUOTATIONS allow you to prove your points with evidence from the text. QUOTATIONS allow you to analyse the text. QUOTATIONS allow you to analyse the text.

4. WHAT IS A TEXT? A poem A poem A play A play A novel A novel A short story A short story A biography A biography A travel book A travel book And so on! And so on!

5. SHORT QUOTATIONS A quotation of a single word or a short phrase can simply be included within your own sentence. A quotation of a single word or a short phrase can simply be included within your own sentence. For example: When Macbeth compares life to a When Macbeth compares life to a “brief candle” he is suggesting that life only lasts a short time and can easily be snuffed out in the same way. Remember quotation marks for short quotations. Remember quotation marks for short quotations.

6. SHORT QUOTATIONS Keep quotations short (single word/phrase). Keep quotations short (single word/phrase). Use lots of quotations. Use lots of quotations. Use bold or italics for quotations. Use bold or italics for quotations. Your essay will then be ‘peppered with quotations’ showing that you really know your text. Your essay will then be ‘peppered with quotations’ showing that you really know your text.

7. LONGER QUOTATIONS Longer quotations of a line or more need a separate paragraph which is indented like this: Longer quotations of a line or more need a separate paragraph which is indented like this: The best-laid plans o’ mice an’ men Gang aft agley There is no need for quotation marks, but you should use bold or italics to match your short quotations. There is no need for quotation marks, but you should use bold or italics to match your short quotations. “To a Mouse” by Robert Burns

8. A LONGER QUOTATION NEEDS A proper link sentence to introduce the quotation. A proper link sentence to introduce the quotation. A colon to introduce the quotation. A colon to introduce the quotation. A separate paragraph. A separate paragraph. Italics or bold. Italics or bold. Follow-up commentary of personal response and/or literary analysis. Follow-up commentary of personal response and/or literary analysis. The following slide illustrates ALL OF THE ABOVE.

9. EXAMPLE FROM A HIGHER CRITICAL ESSAY (POETRY) Iain Crichton Smith immediately emphasises the old woman’s age in the two opening lines of his poem “Old Woman”: And she, being old, fed from a mashed plate as an old mare might droop across a fence Repetition of the word “old” underlines her age. The transferred epithet “mashed plate” suggests that she can no longer chew her food, so that it has to be mashed, as for an infant. This, together with the simile comparing her to “an old mare”, suggests a lack of human dignity in the old woman’s situation.

10. INTRODUCE COMMENTS ON QUOTATIONS LIKE THIS PERSONAL RESPONSE COMMENTS This suggests to me… This suggests to me… I am intrigued by… I am intrigued by… I can relate to the writer’s theme… I can relate to the writer’s theme… In my view this character… In my view this character… The writer’s attitude made me reconsider… The writer’s attitude made me reconsider… LITERARY ANALYSIS COMMENTS The word choice here… The imagery used… The character’s words underline the theme… Sentence structure effectively builds to a climax…

11. THE END You now know how to make the most of QUOTATIONS. You now know how to make the most of QUOTATIONS. Now put what you have learned into practice in your Critical Essays/Responses. Now put what you have learned into practice in your Critical Essays/Responses. See your grades improve! See your grades improve! Click the thumb’s up to return to the first slide. Click the thumb’s up to return to the first slide.