1. 11. 4 The North Takes Charge Objectives: A
11.4 The North Takes Charge Objectives: A. Describe the battle and outcome of Gettysburg B. Describe Grant’s siege of Vicksburg C. Summarize the key points of the Gettysburg Address D. Trace the final events of the war, leading to the surrender at Appomattox.

2. Map: Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg
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Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg: Winter of 1862 and spring of 1863, Gettysburg (July 1863).

3. Gettysburg: Prelude
Ambrose Burnside replaces McClellan as Union commander after Antietam, is destroyed at Fredericksburg, loosing 10,000.
Hooker replaces Burnside, is destroyed at Chancellorsville, replaced by Gen. Meade (for Union).
South loses Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson during Chancellorsville, accidentally shot by his own men.

4. War dead, Fredericksburg
Many soldiers entered the Civil War expecting excitement and colorful pageantry, but the realities of war were harsh and ugly. This photograph by Union cameraman Andrew J. Russell shows a line of southern soldiers who were killed while defending a position at Fredericksburg, Virginia. Even after Union soldiers had breached the wall, the Confederates fought on, using their rifles as clubs until they were all mowed down. Scenes like this became so common that veterans reported that they became numb to the shock of death. (Library of Congress)
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5. Chancellorsville, Day #1

6. Chancellorsville, Day 2

7. Map: The War in the East, 1863
The War in the East, 1863
Victorious at Chancellorsville in May 1863, Lee again invaded Union territory but was decisively stopped at Gettysburg.
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8. Map: Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg
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Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg: Winter of 1862 and spring of 1863, Gettysburg (July 1863).

9. Gettysburg Meade’s 92,000 meet Lee’s 76,000 July1-3, 1863
Total casualties: 30%
Union losses, killed and wounded = 23,000
Confederate losses, killed and wounded = 28,000
Close victory for Union after Pickett’s charge fails
Marks furthest northern advance of Confederacy
“High water mark of the Confederacy”
Ends discussion in Europe about helping South
Though South in decline, fighting goes on to 1865

10. Gettysburg: Day 1, July 1st
**Why were the troops in Gettysburg in the first place?
Buford saw how good the land was.
All roads converge
Confederates had man advantage, Union positional advantage
**Lee saw the importance of the high ground, couldn’t gain it on the 1st day
General Meade
Union Calvary, John Buford
Confederate foot soldiers, A.P. Hill
Both sides attack, and call for reinforcements, setting up for a large battle between the two armies.
Southern troops, many barefoot, hear that there is a supply of shoes at Gettysburg.
Union Gen. Buford recognizes that Gettysburg has excellent roads and hills to use to fight Lee.
Buford’s small force of dismounted cavalry holds on long enough for reinforcements to arrive.
Stage is set: 90,000 Union troops will face 75,000 Southern troops the next day.
IMPORTANT: Union acts quickly, are able to take the high ground

11. Gettysburg, Day #1
July 1, 1863
Union Calvary, John Buford
Confederate foot soldiers, A.P. Hill
Both sides attack, and call for reinforcements, setting up for a large battle between the two armies.
**Why were the troops in Gettysburg in the first place?
Buford saw how good the land was.
All roads converge
Confederates had man advantage, Union positional advantage
**Lee saw the importance of the high ground, couldn’t gain it on the 1st day
General Meade

12. Day 1

13. First Day at Gettysburg by James Walker
During the summer of 1863, Confederate General Robert E. Lee proposed a daring invasion into Pennsylvania in hopes that it might force the Union to end the war. It proved to be a turning point, but not the one Lee anticipated. At Gettysburg, a series of battles like the one shown here--this one on the first day of the fighting--cost Lee more than half of his entire army and forced him to retreat back into Virginia. President Lincoln hoped that the Union army would pursue the fleeing Confederates and destroy the remnants of Lee's force, but he was disappointed when he learned that Lee had escaped. "Our Army held the war in the hollow of their hand," Lincoln complained, "and they would not close it." (West Point Museum, United States Military Academy, West Point, New York)
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14. Day 2

15. Gettysburg: Day 2, July 2nd
Reinforcements have arrived
Union (90,000)
Confederate (75,000)
Union held the high ground
“Fish hook”
Longstreet is ordered to attack Cemetery Ridge
Misgivings
4:00 pm attack across Wheat field and Peach orchard
Union send reinforcements to the center
Little Round Top
Confederate move to flank the Union
Culp’s Hill
Confederates ran out of sunlight
Lee orders Gen. Longstreet to try to capture Cemetery Ridge.
Heavy fightings in the Peach Orchard, Devil’s Den, and the Wheatfield (now natl. landmarks).

16. Gettysburg, Day #2 July 2, 1863 Reinforcements have arrived
Union (90,000)
Confederate (75,000)
Union held the high ground
“Fish hook”
Longstreet is ordered to attack Cemetery Ridge
Misgivings
4:00 pm attack across Wheat field and Peach orchard
Union send reinforcements to the center
Little Round Top
Confederate move to flank the Union
Culp’s Hill
Confederates ran out of sunlight

17. Sharpshooter's Last Sleep, Devils Den
This is a Civil War photograph of a sharpshooter at Devil's Den on the Gettysburg battlefield. (Library of Congress)
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18. Gettysburg: Day 3, July 3rd
Lee tries to break center of Union line at a point called “the angle.” Lee concentrates artillery fire on Union lines on the ridge.
Gen. Pickett’s men charge Union lines, covering a mile of open ground and running up ridge.
Union artillery and infantry fire destroy Pickett’s division. Every officer killed or wounded.
Lee withdraws. Meade does not counter-attack.
Another lost opportunity???

19. Pickett’s Charge 12,000 men marching over 1,000 yds!
Union forces from Cemetery Hill and Little Round Top immediately opened fire
Confederate troops realized no backup was coming and were stuck at the “angle”.
Many began to retreat back to Seminary Ridge
Pickett lost nearly 3,000 men.
When Pickett returned to Lee, he was ordered to prepare against a possible Union counterattack.
Pickett then replied, “General Lee, I have no division now.”

20. Day 3

21. A Harvest of Death, Gettysburg, July 1863
(Library of Congress)
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22. Injured Confederate Soldiers Captured at Gettysburg, 1863 by Mathew Brady
At the end of the three-day Battle of Gettysburg, Lee's army had suffered over 25,000 casualties. These uninjured Confederate captives, who refused to face the camera and stare off in different directions, may have spent the rest of the war in northern prison camps. (Library of Congress)
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23. Gettysburg, Day #3 Meade never ordered! July 3, 1863
Lee was optimistic going into day 3
Weakened the Union position
Artillery assault on middle of the line
Cemetery Ridge
2 hours
Lee ordered assault on the middle of the line
Pickett’s Charge
Open field
Union guns had remained silent
Poor decision?
Confederates prepared for a counterattack
Meade never ordered!

24. Pickett’s Charge

25. Map: The Battle of Gettysburg
In the war's greatest battle, fought around a small market town in southern Pennsylvania, Lee's invasion of the North was repulsed. Union forces had the advantage of high ground, shorter lines, and superior numbers. The casualties for the two armies--dead, wounded, and missing--exceeded 50,000 men.
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26. Gettysburg Address November 1863
Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, not popular at time, becomes part of national identity.
Lincoln speaks for two minutes
The United States “is” instead of “are”
Follows popular speaker Edward Everett, who speaks for two hours.
Both men speak at a dedication of a cemetery for the war dead.

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Map: War in the West,
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30. Confederates surrender on July 4, 1863
Vicksburg
Strategic town on Mississippi, high bluffs and big bend in river
Confederates controlled of Mississippi
Grant sends his Calvary to distract Confederates
Destroy communication and railroad lines
Lands south of Vicksburg
April 30, 1863
18 days of fighting
Traveled east and then back to the west
Captured Jackson, Miss.
Two Frontal assaults on Vicksburg
Both failed
May 19th and 22nd
Siege
Bombing
Several hours a day
Confederates surrender on July 4, 1863
Day after Gettysburg

31. First ironclad gunboat built in America. The Saint Louis, ca. 1862
ARC Identifier / Local Identifier 165-C-630
Item from Record Group 165: Records of the War Department General and Special Staffs,

32. Map: The War in the West, 1863: Vicksburg
Grant first moved his army west of Vicksburg to a point on the Mississippi south of the town. Then he marched northeast, taking Jackson, and finally west to Vicksburg.
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33. Vicksburg – War in the West
Grant’s initial assaults fail – uses siege
Shells the city, soldiers and civilians each day
Citizens move into caves and eat horses, rats
Grant’s siege of Vicksburg succeeds on July 4, one day after Gettysburg
Confederacy is cut in half
Union controls Mississippi & and border states

34. The 17th Illinois Infantry, 1864
Veterans of the six-week siege of Vicksburg, the 17th Illinois Infantry remained to garrison the Mississippi town. Posing for the camera in 1864, these battle-hardened troops suggest the determination of the Union Army. (National Archives)
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35. Grant’s “Total War” Strategy
March 1864, Lincoln replaces Meade with Grant
Grant grinds down Lee’s army with his 100,000 men
“Blood and guts” battles at Wilderness (50,000 killed) and Cold Harbor (7,000 in 7 minutes)
Grant’s strategy = WAR OF ATTRITION!!!
Called a “butcher.” From May 4 to June 18 he loses 65,000 to Lee’s 35,000.
Why was Lee seen as an effective General?
THIS WAS THE LOWEST POINT OF THE WAR FOR THE NORTH
McClellan looks like he might defeat Lincoln in the Presidential election!

36. Burial Party at Cold Harbor, Virginia
Burial parties returned to battle fields after the battles to bury the dead. Here those who didn't survive are buried in Cold Harbor, Virginia. (Library of Congress)
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37. Telegram from Abraham Lincoln to Lt. Gen
Telegram from Abraham Lincoln to Lt. Gen. Ulysses Grant at City Point, Virginia, 08/17/1864
ARC Identifier
Item from Record Group 107: Records of the Office of the Secretary of War,

38. Sherman’s March to the Sea
Grant appoints William Tecumseh Sherman commander in Mississippi. Sherman begins “total war” on South
Targets homes, railways, crops, towns
Burns everything in his path, burns Atlanta Sept. 1864
After destroying GA, went into SC
GOAL: destroy supplies destined for Northern front.
Weaken Southern morale and resolve to fight.
WAS IT A SUCCESS?
It did increase desertions and shorten war. Yet, many atrocities occurred and civilians suffered most.

39. Map: Sherman's March to the Sea
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40. Sherman's March to the Sea
Determined to "make Georgia howl," William Tecumseh Sherman and his band of "bummers" slashed their way through the South during the winter of 1864, destroying military and civilian property along the way. This painting shows Sherman astride a white horse looking on while his men rip up a rail line and burn bridges and homes. (Collection of David H. Sherman)
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41. Election of 1864 McClellan runs on Southern Democratic ticket
Democrats split into 3 groups – War Democrats, Peace Democrats and Copperheads.
Radical Republicans run on separate ticket.
Republicans and War Democrats form the Union Party.
McClellan runs on Southern Democratic ticket
Lincoln wins 55% of vote:
- “bayonet votes”
- recent victories in war help
- opponents factionalism split the vote

44. End of the War Armies meet outside Petersburg VA
Siege results- trench warfare
“The Crater”
Grant continues to extend line- thins out confederate forces
Lee is forced to retreat – runs to Appomattox Courthouse
Lee outnumbered and undersupplied Lee surrenders April 9 , 1865

47. Map: The War in Virginia, 1864-1865
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48. ASSASSINATION OF LINCOLN
Lincoln assassinated by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865, five days after Lee’s surrender
First president to be assassinated in US history
7 million Americans, 1/3 of North’s population, viewed funeral train

49. Title: Assassination of President Lincoln at Ford's Theatre
Year: 1865 Creator: H.H. Lloyd & Co.

51. WHY DID THE SOUTH”S STRATEGY FAIL? - ANALYSIS
Northern Economy outperforms the South’s
North is more industrialized
North has more workers
North has more transportation
Northern states stay united; Lincoln is able to control dissent
North has more population
People to work
Men to fight

52. WHY DID THE SOUTH”S STRATEGY FAIL? - ANALYSIS
Uncle Tom’s Cabin moves people of England and France to oppose their governments joining the South and breaking the Union blockade/Anaconda Plan.
Britain relies on Union grain shipments to off-set shortages (King Corn defeats King Cotton)
Trent and Alabama crises: these violations of neutrality threaten war with Britain/Canada. Diplomacy succeeds and Britain pays damages.
Confederacy has same problems as Articles of Confederation – weak central government
Jefferson Davis not popular, threatened w/ impeachment

53. SOCIAL and POLITICAL COSTS and CHANGE
Nullification and Secession now defunct,
BUT states’ rights STILL VERY MUCH ALIVE.
Emancipation and Thirteenth Amendment end slavery
Power of the federal government greatly expanded
Republican democracy proven viable to world
Over 600,000 dead (360,000 Union….260,000 CSA)
Over 1,000,000 wounded
Over 3,000,000 men in uniform for 4 years (=10% of total population)
$15 billion direct costs (higher indirect costs)
War debt and caring for wounded veterans consumes the federal budget for the next several decades

54. MILITARY CHANGES Invention of rifle and minié ball  deadlier wars
Cavalry becomes obsolete
End of massed infantry charges (Pickett’s charge)
Beginning of trench warfare
End of wooden ships – age of ironclads begins

55. TERMS Chancellorsville Vicksburg Gettysburg Address
William Tecumseh Sherman
Appomattox
Objectives:
A. Describe the battle and outcome of Gettysburg
B. Describe Grant’s siege of Vicksburg
C. Summarize the key points of the Gettysburg Address
D. Trace the final events of the war, leading to the surrender at Appomattox.