1. Hay Fertility Management Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist Houston, MO Slides Prepared by: Brie Menjoulet

2. Nutrient Movement & Retention Is dependent on: –The nutrient itself –Overall soil health –Soil texture (sand, silt and clay composition) –Organic matter fraction –Fertilizer type –Application method You can improve some nutrient retention factors

3. Phosphorus (P) and Potassium (K) Chemical forms change in soil Plants uptake: –Phosphorus as phosphate - P 2 O 5 –Potassium as potash - K 2 O Not prone to leaching Clings to soil particle and organic matter Can be built up in the soil over time

4. Nitrogen (N) Complex cycle!

5. NH 4 + & NO 3 - NO 3 - N2N2 NO NO 3 - NO 2 - NH 4 + NO 2 - NO N2ON2O N2N2 NO 3 - N2ON2O

6. Nitrogen (N) Complex cycle! Forms in soil change frequently –Soil moisture level, organic fraction, temperature –We usually don’t soil test for N levels Little attraction to clays and organic matter Primary uptake forms: –Nitrate-Nitrogen NO 3 - –Ammonium-Nitrogen NH 4 +

7. Nutrient Needs/Removal The greater the yield, the greater the fertilizer need Nutrients must be replaced to sustain yield –Synthetic and/or organic fertilizers

9. Nutrient Replacement for Hay Nutrient Fertilizer ($/lb) Removal Rate (lb/ton) Nutrient Value per Ton Nutrient Value per Acre (3 ton) Ammonium Nitrate 0.714531.9595.85 Phosphate (DAP) 0.54126.4819.44 Potash0.555027.5082.50 Fertilizer costs based on removal for cool-season grass hay Total nutrient value: $62.59/ton of hay harvested

10. Legumes ~ 80% of atmosphere is N-gas (N 2 ) –Remember the uptake forms Nodules are home to nitrogen-fixing bacteria –Bacteria convert N 2 to NH 3 Most fixed N goes to host plant They will save you $$$$$$ –Dilution and lessening of fescue endophyte

11. Nodulated Plants Produce Nitrogen Seeds should be inoculated to ensure fixation –Rhizobium bacteria –Presence in soil Not inoculatedInoculated

12. Legumes TreatmentsYield, lb/A Tall fescue-red clover 6 lb seed/A 11,100 Tall fescue + nitrogen 0 lb N/A3900 90 lb N/A6700 180 lb N/A9900 Dry matter yields of tall fescue-red clover vs tall fescue with N fertilizer (Lexington, KY, 2-yr average) Adapted from Southern Forages

13. Legumes Adapted from Utah State University Yield response without legumes: –Price of N application is not worth the minimal yield response 20 to 30% legumes provide sufficient N for grasses

14. Nitrogen Fertilization of Grass/Legume Mixes % Lespedeza Nitrogen lb/acre

15. Nitrogen Fixation by Legumes At $0.71/lb for ammonium nitrate: –Legumes fix between $35 and $177 of N/ac/yr LegumeN Fixed (lb/A/yr) Alfalfa150-250 Red Clover75-200 Ladino Clover75-150 Annual Lespedeza50-150 Adapted from Southern Forages

16. Nutrient Replacement Nutrient Fertilizer ($/lb) Removal Rate (lb/ton) Nutrient Value per Ton Nutrient Value per Acre (3 ton) Ammonium Nitrate 0.714531.9595.85 Phosphate (DAP) 0.54126.4819.44 Potash0.555027.5082.50 Total costs: $31.95/ton with legumes as the N source Fertilizer costs based on removal for cool-season grass/clover mixed hay

17. Evening Out Nutrient Distribution Consider how & where you feed hay... –Unrolling, stationary bale rings, move bale rings Dragging

18. Hay Feeding Impacts Nutrient Cycling Forage Systems Research Center Study – Linneus, MO 3 Treatments; 3 Replications –Stationary Hay Rings –Moved Hay Rings –Bales Unrolled Around Pasture 13 cows per treatment with one collared 15 fescue bales fed to 13 cows in 42 days 1 st Year – Last Winter – No data yet Investigators: John Lory, Dave Davis, Rob Kallenbach, Justin Sexton

19. Treatment 1Treatment 2Treatment 3 Hay Ring in Set Feeding Area Move Hay Ring Every Other Day Unroll Hay in a New Spot Daily 40’ X 40’ 20’ X 40’

20. Stationary Ring Moving Ring Unrolling Hay

22. Move Hay Feeding Sites Often Regularly move feeders and feeding areas Do not use the same pasture for supplemental feeding every year –Use the hay field

23. Unrolling Hay Allows “boss” cows and timid cows to eat together Less hoof damage to feeding area because it is larger Distributes fertilizer nutrients back on field

24. Manures The good: –Adds organic matter Helps improve many aspects of soil health –Adds micronutrients –Current price = $24 to $35/ton dumped The bad: –The smell –Transportation costs –Availability –Nutrient variability

25. Nutrient Concentration of Manures Research adapted from Dr. John Lory, University of Missouri Source UnitsN P 2 O 5 K 2 O Poultry Litterlbs/ton 69 82 37 Beef Feedlot lbs/ton24 23 30 Dairy Slurry lbs/1000 gal25 25 40 Pig Slurrylbs/1000 gal58 40 24 Pig Effluent lbs/acre-in 135 102 192

26. N, P, and K in Poultry Litter 20 to 60% of N can be lost when surface applied Plants take up phosphate (P 2 O 5 ), not phosphorus (P) - 80% Available Yr. 1 (100% by Yr.2) P X 2.27 = P 2 O 5 Plants take up potash (K 2 O), not potassium (K) - 100% Available Yr. 1 K X 1.2 = K 2 O

27. Fertilizer Value Formula: lbs/ton X availability X price/lb = fertilizer value Nitrogen 55 X 0.6 X 0.71 = $23.43/ton Phosphate (DAP) 78 X 1.0 X 0.54 = $42.12/ton Potash 55 X 1.0 X 0.55 =$30.25/ton Total value =$95.80/ton

28. Meeting the Removal Need? Scenario: –3 ton hay/acre harvested –Nutrients removed: N = 135 lb/ac (45 lb/ton) P2O5 = 36 lb/ac (12 lb/ton) K2O = 150 lb/ac (50 lb/ton) –2 ton litter/acre applied N = 33 lb avail./ton x 2 ton = 66 lb/ac (55lb – 40% loss) P2O5 = 78 lb/ton x 2 ton = 156 lb/ac K2O = 55 lb/ton x 2 ton = 110 lb/ac

29. A CD/A is a pasture yield goal that means "cow day per acre." This is enough forage dry matter for a 1,000-pound cow with a calf less than 4 months old for one day. In Missouri this is considered to be 30 pounds of forage dry matter per day. For example, a yield goal of 200 CD/A is roughly equivalent to 3 tons of forage dry matter per acre.

30. Yield Response Curve % Yield 100% 50% Maximum Yield 95% HVH Apply Maintenance Fertilizer Apply No Fertilizer Apply Buildup + Maintenance Fertilizer Economic Optimum Yield Detrimental EXMLVL Soil Test Level

31. Liming “The poor man’s fertilizer” For cool-season grass: –5.5 to 7.0 For legumes: –6.0 to 7.5 Limit application to 2 to 3 ton/acre/year Applying 2 ton/ac every now and then is NOT a good practice

32. Soil pH pH scale = 0 to 14 0=Strong Acid 7= Neutral 14= Strong Base For best plant growth and nutrient availability: pH= 6.2 to 6.5

33. A CD/A is a pasture yield goal that means "cow day per acre." This is enough forage dry matter for a 1,000-pound cow with a calf less than 4 months old for one day. In Missouri this is considered to be 30 pounds of forage dry matter per day. For example, a yield goal of 200 CD/A is roughly equivalent to 3 tons of forage dry matter per acre.

34. Application Timing P, K, and lime take time to work into the root zone N doesn’t stick around Are there legumes present? How low are your current levels? Availability and price of fertilizer

35. Nitrogen Application Timing For Hay AprAugOctJun Forage Growth Rate FebDec Orchardgrass Perennial Ryegrass Tall Fescue

36. Nitrogen Application Timing For Pasture AprAugOctJun Forage Growth Rate FebDec Orchardgrass Perennial Ryegrass Tall Fescue

37. Quality Soil Sampling BE CONSISTENT –S–Sample every 3 to 5 years –S–Sample at the same time every year –D–Depth Avoid sampling soon after applying fertilizer, lime, compost or manure –B–B est to wait 1 year (at least 4-6 months) Avoid sampling hot spots

38. Soil Core Variability Core number Soil test P (Bray-I, lbs./acre) Mean: 44 STD: 48

39. Increasing Accuracy by Dividing Fields Based on Known Variability Core number Soil test P (Bray-I, lbs./acre) Feeding areasOld manure piles Overall Mean: 44, STD: 48 Pasture mean: 20, STD: 17 Feeding area mean: 114, STD: 52 Pasture

40. Management History Can Influence a Soil Test Limestone road Pasture Rowcrop field 1 Rowcrop field 2 Rowcrop field 3

41. Consequences of Forgoing Fertilizer Reduced forage production Reduced persistence of desirable species Excessive weeds and brush Reduced forage quality Yield loss

42. Take Home Points: Nitrogen is not easily retained in the soil and should be added just before times of greatest need P and K levels can be built up in the soil Nutrients must be replaced Legumes can save you N fertilizer costs –Weed control should be considered prior to overseeding

43. Take Home Points: Where and how you feed hay makes a difference Manures are a good source of fertilizer and organic matter –Be cautious of excessive P levels –Nutrient levels vary with different sources –Help improve overall soil heath

44. Questions? Sarah Kenyon Agronomy Specialist Houston, MO 417-967-4545 KenyonS@missouri.edu