1. 1 Lab Safety Policies Don’t stand on lab chairs Don’t sit or stand on lab tables No dangling jewelry or loose clothes. No open toed shoes. Be careful with sharp corners. Recall location of phone and first-aid kit. Report ALL injuries

2. 2 Engineering 1182 Lab Overview Team Design/Build Project Roller Coaster Design Documentation Building Testing Report Presentation Details are in your course packet: read them and make sure you understand!

3. 3 Overview of Labs Lab 1Introduction to Roller Coaster Design Lab 2Roller Coaster Energy Losses Lab 3Roller Coaster Circuits with Circuit Prototyping Lab 4Roller Coaster Speed Sensor Calibration Lab 5RC Building Session #1 Lab 6RC Building Session #2 Lab 7RC Building Session #3 Lab 8RC Final Construction - Preliminary Testing of Design Lab 9RC Final Testing of Design Lab 10RC Oral Presentations

4. Engineering 1182: Roller Coaster Dynamics-1: Energy Conservation

5. 5 ENERGY is a conserved property of an object that relates to its ability to do work. Energy can have a number of forms, for example mechanical, electrical, chemical, or nuclear. E Units: Joules or N-m (Newton-meter). There are different formulas describing different forms of energy. Physics Concept - Energy

6. 6 Law of Conservation of Energy (COE) Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. Energy can only be changed from one form to another.

7. 7 Forms of Energy in a Rolling Ball Potential Energy (PE) Energy of the Ball Kinetic Energy (KE) Total Mechanical Energy of the ball = PE + KE

8. 8 Kinetic Energy in a Rolling Ball Translational Kinetic Energy (TKE) Kinetic Energy (KE) Rotational Kinetic Energy (RKE) Kinetic Energy of the ball = TKE + RKE A rolling ball has both forms of Energy!

9. 9 Translational Kinetic Energy An object has Translational Kinetic Energy (TKE) when it is undergoing linear displacement TKE = ½mv 2 m = mass of object v = velocity of object

10. 10 Rotational Kinetic Energy (RKE) An object spinning about an axis is said to have Rotational Kinetic Energy. RKE = ½Iω 2 I: Moment of Inertia ω: Angular Velocity (radians/sec)

11. 11 Moment of Inertia (I) The moment of Inertia (I) of an object Measures the resistance an object has to rotating about a particular axis, similar to the way that mass is the object’s resistance to changing its velocity. Depends on its mass, shape and axis of rotation.

12. 12 Angular Velocity (ω) vs Linear Velocity (V ) This relationship between linear and angular velocities holds if and only if the ball is not slipping ω v R

13. 13 Effective Rolling Radius R’ Rails The ball sits down between the tracks making the rolling radius smaller. The angular velocity is increased. If the rails are not supported and split further apart, the ball will sit farther down.

14. 14 Energy Transfers As the ball rolls down the roller coaster track, some energy of the moving ball is: Lost to friction and dissipated as heat Spent in overcoming Air Resistance Lost to Structural Deformation Converted to Sound Energy Unwanted Energy Losses !

15. 15 In general, energy transferred away from the ball will NOT come back, and so the total mechanical energy of the ball will be always decreasing. In the real world, we cannot avoid losses but can only MINIMIZE and/or ALLOW for them. Energy Transfers (continued)

16. 16 Let’s put it together ! For the ball rolling along the roller coaster track, between any two subsequent points: + + = + + + “Energy Losses”

17. 17 Design Considerations You will be estimating the velocity of the ball at selected points along your roller coaster track using energy calculations to: Make sure the velocity into turns is not too high (making banking difficult) Make sure that the ball can reach the top of vertical loops Make sure that the ball will not fly off the top of bumps

18. 18 Assignments and Reminders Lab Memo (Team)