1. COPYRIGHT © 2008 Nelson Education Ltd. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Human Evolution and PREHISTORY Chapter Eight: HOMO ERECTUS AND THE EMERGENCE OF HUNTING AND GATHERING Link to the Canadian Association for Physical Anthropology Link to the Canadian Association for Physical Anthropology

2. COPYRIGHT © 2008 Nelson Education Ltd. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Chapter Preview Who Was Homo erectus/ergaster? What Were The Cultural Capabilities Of Homo erectus/ergaster? What Were The Consequences Of Homo erectus/ergaster’s Improved Abilities To Adapt Through Culture?

3. COPYRIGHT © 2008 Nelson Education Ltd. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Homo erectus/ergaster hominin complex  Some anthropologists view the variation in post-1.9 my Homo fossils of Africa, Asia and Europe to be different enough to warrant two species  Others (“lumpers”) assign all fossils immediately after Homo habilis only to Homo erectus  There are great adaptive similarities; hence, a hominin complex

4. COPYRIGHT © 2008 Nelson Education Ltd. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Homo erectus/ergaster Fossils Fossil evidence shows that by 1 million-500,000 ya hominins of this species had spread from African to China, Europe, the Republic of Georgia, India, Java

5. COPYRIGHT © 2008 Nelson Education Ltd. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Homo erectus/ergaster  Cranial capacity range, 600 – 1,225 cc; overlaps with KNM ER1470 and modern humans (figure 8.3)  Low, long, narrow cranial vault, with greatest width at base  Near-modern development of brain, especially in speech area  Massive brow ridges with marked constriction  Sloping forehead and receding chin  Rugged face, teeth and jaws but smaller than H. habilis

6. COPYRIGHT © 2008 Nelson Education Ltd. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Homo erectus/ergaster

7. COPYRIGHT © 2008 Nelson Education Ltd. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Homo erectus/ergaster Postcranial skeleton  Known mainly from African H. ergaster  More heavily muscled than ours  Increase in stature from early Homo  Decrease in sexual dimorphism in body size; this may be due to the increase in female size as an adaptation to childbirth

8. COPYRIGHT © 2008 Nelson Education Ltd. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Homo erectus from Java  Eugene Dubois, original discoverer of first fossils in 1891  1.8 million to 500,000 years ago  About 40 individuals  Teeth and jaws of earliest fossils are quite similar to those of Homo habilis

9. COPYRIGHT © 2008 Nelson Education Ltd. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Homo erectus from China  Davidson Black was the original discoverer of the first H. erectus fossils (~45 individuals) at Zhoukoudian in 1927  Sinanthropus  600,000 to 300,000 years ago

10. COPYRIGHT © 2008 Nelson Education Ltd. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Homo erectus from China Recent discoveries: Earliest fossil (Lunguppo), a lower jaw fragment as old as the Java fossils resembles African Homo habilis Overall, Chinese fossils are more recent than the Java and have more modern characteristics, e.g. smaller teeth, larger cranial capacity

11. COPYRIGHT © 2008 Nelson Education Ltd. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Homo erectus/ergaster

12. COPYRIGHT © 2008 Nelson Education Ltd. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. The African Fossils Olduvai and Lake Turkana  12-year old boy who died 1.6 mya  An adult who died of a massive overdose of vitamin A Olorgesailie, Kenya  Slightly younger than 1 my

13. COPYRIGHT © 2008 Nelson Education Ltd. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. The African Fossils In some African fossils, there are more strongly developed brow ridges and temporal muscle scars than in Asian fossils In others, there are thinner crania and more primitive mandibles The variation between Asian and African/European fossils may lie well beyond that of a single species

14. COPYRIGHT © 2008 Nelson Education Ltd. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Homo erectus from Europe Dmansi, republic of Georgia, dating to 1.7 mya Likely ancestor to Asian H. erectus Difficult to assign to a species because they share characteristics with both earlier and later fossils Cranium is small and rounded, with face similar to early H. erectus/ergaster Mandible is unique Brain size is small, within range of H. habilis

15. COPYRIGHT © 2008 Nelson Education Ltd. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Earliest Homo erectus from Europe England, Germany, Spain, Italy 860,000 to 500,000 years ago The Spanish fossils are the oldest human ancestors with a relatively modern face These fossil traits are derived and the discoverers of the fossils place them in a separate species, H. antecessor, ancestral to H. heidelbergensis

16. COPYRIGHT © 2008 Nelson Education Ltd. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Multiple Species The fact that the earliest evident of hominins comes from Spain and Italy suggests crossing from North Africa Open water crossing was required, a feat that H. erectus/ergaster was capable of doing 800,000 ya in Indonesia Gene flow was possible between Africa and Europe; could the early Europeans be a separate species if there was no reproductive isolation? (see Table 8.1, text)

17. COPYRIGHT © 2008 Nelson Education Ltd. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Relationship between H. erectus/ergaster and H. habilis  Smaller teeth and larger brains are a continuation of the trend first seen in H. habilis  New traits are increased body size, reduced sexual dimorphism, more “human” body form  It is difficult to distinguish early erectus/ergaster from habilis (Figure 8.6), but likely one evolved from the other fairly abruptly, 1.9 to 1.6 mya

18. COPYRIGHT © 2008 Nelson Education Ltd. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. THE CULTURE OF Homo erectus/ergaster

19. COPYRIGHT © 2008 Nelson Education Ltd. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. The Acheulean Tool Tradition Africa, Europe, Southwest Asia Handaxe is central tool In East Africa, handaxes date to 1.6 mya In Europe, they are no older than 500,000 years Sites in Europe increase in number dramatically at same time as handaxes appear; this suggests increased gene flow into Europe

20. COPYRIGHT © 2008 Nelson Education Ltd. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Characteristics of Acheulean Tools  Developed from the Oldowan tradition, e.g. Beds I and II, Olduvai  Tool shapes have become standardized  Sharper points and more regular cutting edges than Oldowan tools  More cutting edge available from same amount of stone

21. COPYRIGHT © 2008 Nelson Education Ltd. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Acheulean Tool Kits Diversification Cleavers, picks and knives Flake tools Retouched flakes, e.g. points, scrapers, borers Supplementary tools of bone, antler, wood

22. COPYRIGHT © 2008 Nelson Education Ltd. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Tools in East Asia Spread of Homo from Africa took place before the invention of the handaxe In East Asia people developed a variety of choppers, scrapers, points, burins different from those in the West Overall, stone implements were not common; likely bamboo and other local woods were used

23. COPYRIGHT © 2008 Nelson Education Ltd. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. ORIGINAL STUDY Homo erectus and the Use of Bamboo The frequency of the handaxe in Asian tool kits is very low Chopper-chopping tools predominate Their distribution coincides with the distribution of bamboo It has been suggested that bamboo was the main source of materials for making tools and the stone choppers were manufactured to work with bamboo

24. COPYRIGHT © 2008 Nelson Education Ltd. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Acheulean Tools  Each tool served more than one purpose; e.g. handaxes could kill game, dig up roots  Improved selection of raw materials, e.g. flint rather than basalt  Invention of the baton and striking-platform methods of percussion

25. COPYRIGHT © 2008 Nelson Education Ltd. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Use of Fire Earliest use of fire appears in South Africa, 1.3 to 1 mya, possibly for protection from predators Kao Poh Nam rock shelter, Thailand, 700,000 ya; fire hearth with butchered, burned animal bones Other uses for fire could have been warmth, light, cooking, thawing carcasses, clearing forest Fire gave people more control over their environment

26. COPYRIGHT © 2008 Nelson Education Ltd. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Other Aspects of Homo erectus culture 1.Construction of shelters, e.g. Bilzingsleben, Germany, 350,000 ya 2.Clothing was necessary in the climates of China and Europe Courtesy of Palomar College, Anthropology

27. COPYRIGHT © 2008 Nelson Education Ltd. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Other Aspects of Homo erectus culture 3.Developed an ability to organize a hunt for live animals, and skill in hunting e.g. Ambrona and Torralba, Spain, 400,000 ya elephants, horses, rhinoceroses butchered and killed

28. COPYRIGHT © 2008 Nelson Education Ltd. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Other Aspects of Homo erectus culture 4. open-water travel, e.g. to the island of Flores, Indonesia 5.Rudimentary symbolic artifacts, e.g. ox rib with engraving from a site in France

29. COPYRIGHT © 2008 Nelson Education Ltd. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Language  Vocal tract and brain of Homo erectus are intermediate between Homo sapiens and Australopithecus  Modern-sized hypoglossal canal by 500,000 years ago  Changeover from gestural to spoken language may have played role in reduction of tooth and jaw size, making it easier to speak

30. COPYRIGHT © 2007 Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NEXT TIME: Archaic Homo sapiens and the Middle Paleolithic