2. A.Culture - all of the shared products of human groups - - products people create 1. Material culture – physical objects that people create (cars, clothes, books, buildings) 2. Nonmaterial culture – abstract human creations (language, ideas, beliefs, rules, skills, family patterns) B.Society – group of mutually interdependent people who have organized in such a way as to share a common culture and feeling of unity - - people

3. A.Physical objects B.Symbols – anything that stands for something else Ex: Can be a word, gesture, image, sound, physical object, event or element of the natural world C.Language – organization of written or spoken symbols into a standardized system D.Values – shared beliefs about what is good or bad or right or wrong

4. E.Norms – shared rules of conduct that tell people how to act in specific situations 1. Are expectations for behavior, not actual behavior 2. Folkways – norms w/no great moral significance attached (shake hands when you’re introduced to someone) 3. Mores – have moral significance attached (killing someone)

5. COUNTRYCUSTOM Great Britain Appointments are essential. You may be ten minutes late but not ten minutes early. GreeceBe careful not to praise a specific object too enthusiastically or the host may insist on giving it to you. LibyaIf you are invited to a Libyan home for dinner, only men will be present. Take a gift for the host but not for his wife. SenegalNever eat food with the left hand as this is considered offensive. ZambiaAvoid direct eye contact w/members of the opposite sex – it may suggest romantic overtures. Saudi Arabia It is an insult to sit in such a way as to face your host w/the soles of your shoes showing. Do not place your feet on a desk, table or chair.

6. COUNTRYCUSTOM OmanIf an Arab businessman takes your hand and holds it as you walk, do not be alarmed. He means it only as a sign of friendship. ChinaA visit to a Chinese home is rare – unless the government has given prior approval. JapanIf you are offered a gift, thank the person and wait for one or two more offers before accepting it. South KoreaMen go through doors first. Women help men with their coats.

7. A.Culture is dynamic (continually changing) rather than static B.Cultural trait – individual tool, act or belief related to a particular situation or need Ex: Using a fork to eat, how we greet people C.Cultural complex – cluster of interrelated traits Ex: football – measuring chain, football, cleats, helmets, first-aid kits; belief that players should be good sports, penalties for rule violations

8. D.Culture pattern – combination of a number of cultural complexes into an interrelated whole Ex: basketball, softball, swimming, tennis combine to form American athletic pattern

9. A.Cultural universals – features common to all cultures Ex: cooking, body adornment, religion, sports, forms of greeting, medicine, family B.Ethnocentrism- tendency to view one’s own culture and group as superior C.Cultural relativism – belief that cultures should be judged by their own standards

10. D.Variation within societies 1. Subculture – characteristics (values, norms, behaviors) shared by a group w/in society that aren’t shared by the entire population 2. Counterculture – subcultural practices consciously intended to challenge the values of the larger society

11. A.Traditional American values 1. Personal achievement 2. Work 3. Morality and humanitarianism 4. Efficiency and practicality 5. Progress and material comfort 6. Equality and democracy 7. Freedom

12. B.New value: Self-fulfillment – commitment to the full development of one’s personality, talents and potential 1. Negative effects a. Sociologist Christopher Lasch – personality disorder called narcissism – extreme self-centeredness b. Daniel Bell – weakens values of hard work and moderation and threatens stability of the capitalism c. Amitai Etzioni – hurts family life and educational system

13. 2. Positive effects a. Daniel Yankelovich – emphasis on self- improvement and a movement away from satisfaction based on material gain

14. A.Social control – enforcing of norms B.Sanctions – rewards or punishments used to enforce conformity to norms 1. Positive sanctions – rewards

15. 2. Negative sanctions – punishment or threat of punishment 3. Formal sanctions – reward or punishment given by some formal organization (govt, school, police) 4. Informal sanctions – spontaneous expression of approval or disapproval by an individual or group Standing ovation, compliments, frowns, gossip

16. A.Sources of social change 1. Social movement – long-term conscious effort to promote or prevent social change Prohibition, civil rights, gay rights 2. Technology (through discovery or invention) 3. Population Population increase/decrease, movement or age change

17. 4. Diffusion – process of spreading culture traits from one society to another 5. Physical environment 6. War and conquest

18. B.Resistance to change 1. Ethnocentrism 2. Cultural lag – situation when some aspects of culture change less rapidly than other aspects of the same culture 3. Vested interests