1. 5 Themes of Geography a.What is it like? b.Where is it? c.How do people relate to the physical world? d.How do people, goods, & ideas move from one place to another? e.How are places similar or different a. a.Place b. b.Location c. c.Human/Environment Interaction d. d.Movement e. e.Region

2. East Hemispheres (º North, º West)(º North, º East) (º South, º West) (º South, º East) West North South Prime Meridian Equator 180 º 90 º Latitude & Longitude

3. Absolute City Locations 23º N, 90º E 46º N, 76º W 4º N, 74º W 35º S, 149º E Dhaka, Bangladesh Ottawa, Canada Bogotá, Colombia Canberra, Australia

4. Absolute City Locations 33º N, 44º E 52º N, 0º 7º N, 80º E 35º S, 59º W Baghdad, Iraq London, England, UK Colombo, Sri Lanka Buenos Aires, Argentina

5. Time Zones Degrees around world? Hours in a day? # of degrees per time zone? 360 24 15 =

6. Map Distortions 1.The extent of space between two objects or places; an intervening space 2. The position of one point in relation to another 3. A form or condition in which something may exist or appear 4. A roughly bounded part of the space on a surface; a region 1. 1.Distance 2. 2.Direction 3. 3.Shape 4. 4.Size/Area

8. Map Elements 1.Shows Direction 2.Explains Content 3.Shows Distance 4.Explains Subject 1. 1.Compass Rose 2. 2.Legend/Key 3. 3.Scale 4. 4.Title

9. Topographic Maps Map showing the relief features of the earth’s surface –Variation, or difference in elevation of an area Contour Interval –Difference in elevation between two contour lines 240 200

10. Arctic Circle Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn Antarctic Circle 66½°N 66½°S 23½°S 0°0° 23½°N Important Lines of Latitude

11. High latitudes Middle Latitudes Low Latitudes Westerlies Northeasterly Trade Winds Southeasterly Trade Winds Polar Easterlies Sub Polar Low Equatorial Low Subtropical High Polar High PressuresPrevailing Winds Subtropical High Sub Polar Low Polar High

12. The Earth’s Structure Inside The Earth Inner Core Outer Core The Mantle The Crust

13. Plate Behaviors 1.Plates move towards each other 2.Plates move away from each other 3.Plates moving past and against each other 1. 1.Convergent Subduction & Collision 2. 2.Divergent (Spreading) 3. 3.Translation

14. Climates Vernon Hills Amazon Rainforest Five Factors: Determined by Elevation Humid Continental Tropical Wet/Humid Tropical Latitude Ocean Currents Wind Currents Topography (Rain Shadow) Elevation Highland

15. Culture A new way of doing something A culture changes through its meeting with another culture The spread of an idea or culture trait Belief that one’s own ethnic group is superior Innovation Acculturation Diffusion Ethnocentrism

16. H&G S.F. C.F. Ind. Ser. Mang. Primary SecondarySecondary QuaternaryQuaternary TertiaryTertiary R&D Stairway to Economic Stability

17. Developed vs. Developing DEVELOPED Urban Service (Tertiary) based economy Strong Infrastructure Low Growth Rate Middle Class DEVELOPING Urbanizing (Rural -> Cities) Agricultural (Primary) Base economy Poor infrastructure High Growth Rate Income Gap

19. Age-Sex Pyramids

20. World Population Why is the earth’s population increasing the same amount each year despite a falling growth rate? –Exponential Growth (7 Billion)Exponential Growth

21. Types of Economies Market Economy (Capitalism) –Consumers determine prices & production –Supply & Demand Command Economy (Communism) –Gov’t determines prices & production Mixed Economy (Socialism) –Aspects of both, gov’t control’s some industries

22. Spheres of the Earth All water on the earth All land including ocean basins All air surrounding the earth All life on earth Hydrosphere Lithosphere Atmosphere Biosphere

23. Layers of the Earth TOP SOIL SUB-SOIL WEATHERED ROCK SOLID ROCK

24. Hydrologic Cycle Precipitation Condensation Evaporation/Transpiration

25. Landforms Thin piece of land connecting two larger pieces Thin piece of water connecting two larger bodies Piece of land surrounded by water on three sides Chain of Islands Isthmus Strait Peninsula Archipelago

26. Deforestation Causes –Subsistence Farmers –Slash & Burn –Commercial Logging –Livestock Grazing –Roads (Fishbone) Effects –Global Carbon Cycle –Global Warming –Extinct Species (50%) –Medical losses

27. Political Instability Spanish Rule Independence OligarchyJuntaDemocracy Oligarchy – Rule by the few Junta – Military Leaders (Caudillo – strong man) Coup – Government Takeover Guerrillas – Paramilitary forces Simon Bolivar – Led many independence movements