1. Heifer Raising Lecture 11 ANS 336 2/21/01

2. Once A Day Feeding - Milk Reduces labor? Reduces scours Promotes faster rumen development When a calf drinks milk it forms a curd in the fourth stomach then takes approximately 3-4 hours to totally leave Milk replacer forms a harder curd and it takes 18 hours to leave the fourth stomach. – If fed twice daily - new milk is mixed with the previous curd

3. Once A Day Acid content of the stomach is the main weapon against bacteria If pH is > than 4.2 bacteria such as E.Coli will survive and grow. Below 4.2 the bacteria is physically killed. Normal pH of the fourth stomach is 2. When milk is drank the pH rises to 6 and takes up to 3 hours to drop below 4.2. Twice a day exposes the calf to high pH twice a day. E Coli thrives and is the major cause of calf deaths.

4. Once A Day To reduce cost of raising calves, we must convert from the high cost, high risk and labor intensive phase to an efficient ruminant. Must eat dry matter as early as possible. By condensing all the dry matter into one low volume feed – whole milk will not work. Over a 10-14 day period of time the animal can be converted to getting 500 grams of milk replacer in 2 qts of water. Normal feedings require 200 grams. The single low volume of feed is digested slowly but leaves the calf feeling hungry therefore starts on starter grain earlier.

5. Once A Day To raise a calf on whole milk or milk replacer cost about $ 4.00 per kg of gain. Once weaned it cost about $.70/ kg of gain. Milk feeding of calves does not assist rumen development. Calves can be weaned at 30-35 days of age once consuming 1 lb of good calf starter. However, starter should contain 20% Protein. Provide clean cereal straw which is low in nutrient content and poor taste to provide roughage. Good tasting Alfalfa or pasture will encourage consumption which can not be utilized at this stage. Requires excellent management.

8. Nutrient Requirements- NRC 1989 At 1.7 lb/day gain Large Breed ItemUnit20060080012001300 IntakeLbs./d6.171418.4829.9933.73 Energy TDN% of DM7065625755 MEMcal/lb1.21.121.050.940.91 Protein CP% of DM 1612 UIP% of CP8432211110 DIP% of CP1668798990 CP/ME g CP/Mcal ME 6049525860

9. Nutrient Requirements- NRC 1999 At 1.7 lb/day gain Large Breed ItemUnit17557577511751375 IntakeLbs./d6.315.318.326.430.4 Energy TDN% of DM766664 68 MEMcal/lb1.31.12 1.081.2 Protein CP% of DM 1916151316 UIP% of CP4032302530 DIP% of CP6068707570 CP/ME g CP/Mcal ME 65 635561

14. Nutrient Terminology Protein –CP includes NPN and True Protein –CP used as Ruminants utilization about the same. –N Content X 6.25 as not all the nitrogen is in the form of protein. DP - digestible Protein –Amount consume minus the amount in feces. AP - apparent digestibility –Part of the protein comes from the animal. Energy DE digestible energy ME – Metabolizable energy TDN NE m – net energy Maintenance Ne g - Net energy gain Ne l - Net energy lactation

15. Nutrient Terminology Changes - NRC Old - 1989 UIP – Undegradable Intake Protein DIP – degradable intake Protein MCP- Microbial Protein BCP Bacterial Protein New – 2000 RUP – Rumen Undegradable Protein RDP – Rumen degradable Protein MP – Metabolizable Protein –True protein absorbed from the intestine (MCP –RUP)

16. DMI = BW (2%) +.33 FCM FCM = (lbs of milk X.4) + (lbs of milk X % Bfat) 15 Maximum Ration NDF = 1.2% of BW Forage NDF = 0.9 % of BW Conc. NDF = 0.3 % BW Dry Matter Intake Must provide: 28 to 30 % of the Total Ration in NDF 19 to 21 % of the Total Ration in ADF