1. WHAT IS SCIENCE? Science is the process of gaining KNOWLEDGE and INVESTIGATING by making OBSERVATIONS, posing QUESTIONS, and testing through EXPERIMENTATION

2. The car won’t start! Why won’t it start? Maybe because the tank is empty If I fill the tank, then the car should start. Test your hypothesis: fill the tank It works? Your hypothesis was correct. What if it doesn’t work? The Scientific Method

3. It still won’t start - Test a NEW hypothesis : New hypothesis: The battery is dead. Test: Change the battery New hypothesis: The starter is broken. Test: Change the starter.

4. The Scientific Method 1. PROBLEM – question to be studied Observation – Using senses to gather information Making INFERENCES – Using reasoning to come to a conclusion based on observations Examples…

5. StatementObservation Inference Object A is round and orange. Object A is used in basketball. Object C is round and black and white. Object C is larger than Object B. Object B is smooth. Object B is used in table-tennis. Each object is used in a different sport. Observation vs. Inference X X X X X XX X

6. 2. HYPOTHESIS – educated guess to answer the problem *** MUST be TESTABLE*** 3. PREDICTION – what you expect to happen if the hypothesis is true

7. 4. EXPERIMENT – test of the hypothesis A. Control – standard used for comparison B. Variables 1. Manipulated/Independent – factor that experimenter changes 2. Dependent/Responding – result of the change (depends on variable above) 3. Controlled – factors kept constant ***Ask yourself “Does this variable depend on the other?” REMEMBER: MIX and DRY C. Data Collection 1. QUANTITATIVE – numerical data, quantity 2. QUALITATIVE – descriptive data

8. 5. CONCLUSION – summary of the results of the experiment ***Evaluates the hypothesis*** 6. THEORY – a tested hypothesis over time that becomes an accepted scientific principle *Always subject to revision or replacement!

9. Designing an Experiment State the Problem Form a Hypothesis Set Up a Controlled Experiment Record Results – Data Table Analyze Results - Graph Draw a Conclusion

10. WHAT IS “BIOLOGY”? “study of life”

11. Broth is boiled. Broth is free of microorganisms for a year. Curved neck is removed. Broth is teeming with microorganisms. Pasteur’s Experiment – finally accepted that spontaneous generation DOES NOT occur!!!

12. Examples of the application of biological knowledge Prevention and cure of illness Production of medicine Agriculture Sustained management of wildlife or fisheries Planned population growth

13. EXAMPLE: Ulcers and Bacteria Knowledge: Infections by bacteria can lead to ulcers. Prediction: Removal of these bacteria will cure the ulcer. Action (treatment) to cure ulcers: Antibiotics Most ulcers are caused by bacteria, not stress.

14. Carbon dioxide and Heat Knowledge: Gases like CO2 hold heat effectively. Prediction: With higher CO2 levels the atmosphere gets warmer. Action to reduce global warming: Reduction in CO2 production. Burning of fossil fuels is likely causing global warming. EXAMPLE:

15. What does it mean to say something is ALIVE? Characteristics of Living Things Made of cells Reproduce Based on a universal genetic code Grow and develop Obtain and use materials and energy Respond to their environment Maintain a stable internal environment Taken as a group, living things change over time

16. Made of Cells Living things are…

17. Living things have… The ability to reproduce

18. Based on a Universal Genetic Code: DNA Living things are…

19. Grow and Develop Living things …

20. Obtain and Use Energy - METABOLISM Living things …

21. Respond to the Environment – Stimulus Living things…

22. Maintain a stable internal environment HOMEOSTASIS Living things …

23. Evolutionary Adaptation: Species change over time Living things undergo…

24. Examples B. Many microorganisms consist of only a single cell. Animals and trees are multicellular. E. Maple trees reproduce sexually. A hydra can reproduce asexually by budding. F. Flies produce flies. Dogs produce dogs. Seeds from maple trees produce maple trees. H. Flies begin life as eggs, then become maggots, and then become adult flies. C. Plants obtain their energy from sunlight. Animals obtain their energy from the food they eat. A. Leaves and stems of plants grow toward light. G. Despite changes in the temperature of the environment, a robin maintains a constant body temperature. D. Plants that live in the desert survive because they have become adapted to the conditions of the desert. Characteristic 1. Living things are made up of units called cells. 2. Living things reproduce. 7. Living things are based on a universal genetic code. 3. Living things obtain and use materials and energy. 6. Living things respond to their environment. 4. Living things maintain a stable internal environment. 5. Taken as a group, living things change over time. 8. Living things grow and develop.

25. How are living things ORGANIZED and STUDIED?

26. Organism Groups of Cells Molecules Individual living thing Tissues, organs, and organ systems Smallest functional unit of life Groups of atoms; smallest unit of most chemical compounds Bison Nervous tissueNervous systemBrain Nerve cell Water DNA Levels of Organization

27. Cellular Organization CELL TISSUE ORGAN SYSTEM ORGANISM Categorize the following: Circulatory system Heart Human Muscle cell Cardiac muscle

28. CELL – MUSCLE CELL TISSUE – CARDIAC MUSCLE ORGAN – HEART SYSTEM – CIRCULATORY SYSTEM ORGANISM - HUMAN

29. MICROSCOPES LIGHT Microscopes Use beams of light Magnify up to 1500X ELECTRON Microscopes Use beams of electrons to magnify thousands of times Living things cannot be viewed

30. MICROSCOPE VIEWS

31. LIGHT Microscopes use a series of glass lenses to bend light waves and create a magnified image

32. Scanning Electron Microscopes create the magnified images by using electrons instead of light waves 3-D External Images Black and white

33. Can you guess what it is? Pick one!

34. The vane of a bird's feather consists of a series of barbs that connect together by hooked barbules. Like a zipper, each barb is connected to the adjacent one, creating a solid vane.

35. Can you guess what it is? Pick one!

36. The tapeworm clings to its hosts intestine by the hooks and suckers on its head. The tapeworm has no mouth; nutrients are absorbed throughout the tapeworm’s body wall.