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LOCOMOTION & REGULATION. Locomotion  Locomotion is the ability of an organism to move from one place to another. Why would organisms carry out locomotion?

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Presentation on theme: "LOCOMOTION & REGULATION. Locomotion  Locomotion is the ability of an organism to move from one place to another. Why would organisms carry out locomotion?"— Presentation transcript:

1 LOCOMOTION & REGULATION

2 Locomotion  Locomotion is the ability of an organism to move from one place to another. Why would organisms carry out locomotion? Motile = capable of locomotion Sessile = organisms NOT capable of locomotion

3 Locomotive System  The locomotive system consists of a skeletal system, muscular system and a nervous system.

4 Human Skeletal System

5 Skeletal System  Humans have 206 bones Babies have MORE  Bones are made of calcium and phosphorus  Bones support and protect body structures  Can be endoskeletal OR exoskeletal  Osteoporosis is loss of bone mass due to lack of calcium

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7 Cartilage  Found between bones  Acts as a cushion between bones  A developing embryo has cartilage instead of bone  Gives ears and nose their shape  Arthritis is deteriorating cartilage

8 Muscles  Humans have over 300 muscles  Muscles work by contracting (shortening) or by relaxing  Muscles are found as opposing pairs Flexors-contract (ex. Bicep) Extensors-relax/expand (ex. Tricep)

9 Flexor and Extensor

10 Types of Muscle  There are three types of muscle cells Skeletal Cardiac Smooth

11 Skeletal Muscle  Skeletal muscle is also called striated muscle  Found surrounding bones  Looks striped  Controls voluntary movements

12 Skeletal Muscle

13 Cardiac Muscle  Cardiac muscle is found in the heart  Cardiac muscles are involuntary, but look like striated muscle

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15 Smooth Muscle  Smooth muscle is also called visceral muscle Found in the walls of internal organs Control involuntary movements Ex. Stomach, Small intestine, arteries, lymph vessels, etc…

16 Connective Tissue  There are three kinds of connective tissues that connect bones and muscles together. Ligaments Tendons Joints

17 Ligaments  Ligaments Connect bone to bone Think “L” for Ligament A sprain is an over stretched ligament

18 Tendons  Connects muscles to bones  Tendonitis is an inflammation of a tendon

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20 Joints  Where two bones meet  3 kinds of joints Immovable (fixed) Hinge Ball and socket Gliding Pivot

21 Joints  Immovable No movement Found in cranium/skull

22 Joints  Hinge Movement back and forth Found in elbow and knee

23 Joints  Ball and socket Movement in all directions Found in shoulder and hip

24 Joints  Gliding Limited movement in all directions Found in wrist and ankle

25 Joints  Pivot Limited rotation Found in the neck

26 Skeletal Structures  Exoskeleton Protective covering outside the body Provides a surface for muscular attachment Made of chitin  Can be thin and light (insects) or thick and heavy (lobster)  Molting is losing exoskeleton to allow for body growth

27 Exoskeleton

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29 Protist  Amoeba  Paramecium  Euglena Whip-like tail called a

30 Hydra  They are SESSILE, but fibers allow a somersault-type movement (like a slinky)

31 Earthworm  Earthworms have setae (little bristles) that stick into the ground like anchors to allow locomotion, segment by segment  Muscles are attached to each pair of setae

32 Setae

33 Grasshopper  Have jointed appendages  Have wings  Have muscles inside the exoskeleton

34  What makes your muscles move?  What organs allow you to respond to your environment?

35 Regulation  Define regulation.  What part of your body carries out regulation?

36 The Nervous System  Consists of CNS  Central Nervous System  Brain and Spinal cord PNS  Peripheral Nervous System  All nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord

37 C.N.S.

38 P.N.S.

39 The Nervous System  Parts of a nervous system Brain Nerve Cells called Neurons

40 Brain

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42  Made up of 2 halves  Weighs about 3 pounds  Protected by _________________  Made up of neurons

43 Brain  Made up of 3 parts 1. Cerebrum/Cerebral Cortex  Controls thinking, memory, reasoning, imagination, personality, site of consciousness  Interprets what your 5 senses detect

44 Brain  2. Cerebellum Controls voluntary movements (motor activities) Controls balance and coordination

45 Brain  3. Medulla Controls involuntary activities  Such as breathing, digestion, heartbeat, hormone production, etc… Called brain stem and connects to the spinal cord

46 Neuron  A neuron is a nerve cell  They send and receive chemical and electrical messages, called impulses.

47 Neuron

48 Parts of a neuron  Dendrites Receive impulses  Cyton Cell body-contains nucleus  Axon Carries impulses away from cyton  Myelin Fatty covering on the axon that increases speed of electrical impulse  Terminal Branches End point of a neuron that sends messages to dendrites of next neuron

49 Synapse  The synapse is the gap between two neurons.

50 Close-up of synapse  Neurotransmitters-chemicals secreted into synapse

51 Close-up of a synapse

52 Stimulants and Depressants  Drugs can affect how the neurotransmitters pass their message Stimulants __________ speed of message transmission. Depressants _________ speed of message transmission.

53 Reflex Arc  A reflex is a response to a stimulus. Ex. Knee jerk, hand on a hot stove  A reflex involves the spinal cord but NOT the brain.

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55 Reflex Arc

56  Drawing

57 Disorders of the Nervous System  Meningitis Swelling of the membranes that surround the brain  Polio Virus that inflames spinal cord tissue  Cerebral Palsy Disorder of central nervous system Can be congenital (exists before birth) or caused during birth  Multiple Sclerosis Problem with impulse transmission due to inflammation of myelin sheath.

58 Endocrine System  System of ductless glands that secrete hormones. Hormones are chemical messengers that are released directly into blood stream. Hormones are sent DIRECTLY to a target tissue

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60 Testes and Ovaries  Ovaries make _______________ & _________________  Testes make ________________  These hormones stimulate secondary sexual characteristics

61 Adrenal Glands  Located on top of kidneys  Produces hormone called adrenaline

62 Pancreas  The pancreas produces digestive enzymes and also the hormones called glucagon and insulin.  The part of the pancreas that produces hormones is called the Islets of Langerhans Glucagon and insulin control blood sugar

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64 Thyroid Gland  Located in neck  Thyroid controls metabolism  Thyroid produces thyroxin (hormone)  Goiter is enlarged thyroid gland

65 Goiter

66 Parathyroid  Located in neck  Smaller than thyroid  Produces parathormone which controls calcium balance

67 Pituitary Gland  The master gland (controls all other glands)

68 Pituitary Gland Produces stimulating hormones that cause glands to secrete their hormones. Ex. TSH = thyroid stimulating hormone

69 Pituitary Gland  Also produces growth hormone (GH) Gigantisism and Dwarfism comes from growth hormone problems

70 Hypothalmus  Produces RF’s (releasing factors), which help stimulate hormone production

71 Representative Organisms


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