1. Methodology Describe Context & setting Design Participants Sampling Power Analysi s Interventions Outcome (study variables) Data Collection Procedures

2. Methods Study design and Setting Participants Few words can usually do the job. Place and time; where & when the participants were selected.  Who was studied, & how many were studied?  Describe important eligibility criteria  Refusal to participate, dropouts, & missing information  Randomization, Sampling & Power analysi s

3. Research Design Analytical ResearchDescriptive ResearchExperimental Research ReviewsCase StudySurveyCross-SectionalLongitudinalCorrelationalPre-designsQuasi-designsTrue-designs Statistical- designs Meta-Analyses

4. Analytical Research Reviews (with/without) meta-analysis A systematic review is defined as “a review of the evidence on a clearly formulated question that uses systematic and explicit methods to identify, select and critically appraise relevant primary research, and to extract and analyze data from the studies that are included in the review.” Statistical methods (meta-analysis) may or may not be used to analyze and summarize the results of the included studies

5. Descriptive Research Case Study A detailed information from a single subject Often uses a narrative format May be non-experimental or experimental Develops a profile of the subject using: Visual observation Interviews/surveys/questionnaires Objective data May provide generalizations about other subjects with similar conditions

6. Descriptive Research Survey Cross-sectional: Status of a various group (s) at a given point in time. Observational studies in which all the measurements are performed on a single occasion (no follow-up period) Longitudinal (Cohort): Status of a given group at various points in time Prospective vs. Retrospective Correlational: Relationships between variables

7. Experimental Research Experimental research involves a direct assessment of how one variable influences another This allows the establishment of causality  Independent variables  Dependent variables  Control (confounding) variables Experimental research design Pre-Experimental Quasi-Experimental True-Experimental

8. Pre-Experimental Research Design One-shot studies One-group pretest-posttest Static group comparison (one shot w/2 groups) TXO 1 O 2 T

9. Quasi-Experimental Designs Quasi-experimental designs: Experiments that have treatments, outcome measures, and experimental conditions but that do not use random selection and assignment to treatment conditions. u Non-equivalent control group design u Time series u Single subject designs (Case study) T O1O1 O2O2 O3O3 O4O4 O5O5 O6O6

10. True Experimental Designs Characteristics of true experimental designs u Manipulation (treatment) u Randomization (sampling of subject& assignment of subject) u Control group u One independent variable Types Posttest control group design Pretest-posttest control group design

11. Pre-testing – The measurement of a dependent variable along subjects before they have been exposed to an independent variable. Post-testing – The measurement of a dependent variable among subjects after they have been exposed to an independent variable. u Experimental Group – A group of subjects to whom an experimental stimulus is administered. u Control Group – A group of subjects to whom no experimental stimulus is administered and who should resemble the experimental group in all other respects.

12. Post-test Only Control Group Design One group is administered a treatment. NO experimental treatment or procedures is administered to second group. Pretest are not taken on each group. Posttest measurements are taken on each group. T XO2 PO2 Statistical test Independent t test (parametric) Wilcoxon signed rank test (non-Parametric)

13. Pre-test-post-test control group design One group is administered a treatment. NO experimental treatment or procedures is administered to second group. Pretest and Posttest measurements are taken on each group. RO1 XO2 RO1O2 Statistical test Paired t test (parametric) Wilcoxon signed rank test (non-Parametric)

14. Solomon Four-Group Design This design involves four groups. Two of the groups experimental and two control. Two groups include no pre-test (so that the effects of the pretest can be evaluated). All group include Posttest. Statistical test Covariance analysis

15. Participants Inclusion criteria Exclusion criteria Sampling Consent form

16. Sampling Target Pop. (N) Sample (n) Effective Sampling produces a n which is representative of N Note: n is only ever representative of the N it was drawn from, i.e. not necessarily the general population.

17. 17 SAMPLING BREAKDOWN

18. Types of Samples 18 Probability (Random) Samples Simple random sample Systematic random sample Stratified random sample Cluster sample Non-Probability Samples: Convenience sample 3 factors that influence sample representativeness Sampling procedure Sample size Participation (response)

19. Methods Intervention Outcome measures Data collection procedures Statistical analysis Describe new methods in enough detail that another researcher can reproduce your experiment. Describe established methods briefly, and simply cite a reference where readers can find more detail State all statistical tests and parameters Ordinary ones without comments, Advanced or unusual ones require citation Intervention(s) or Main exposure(s). include interventions that were controlled by the investigators or exposures that the investigators measured but did not manipulate, Describe new methods in enough detail that another researcher can reproduce your experiment. Describe established methods briefly, and simply cite a reference where readers can find more detail. Report reliability and validity and moreover, if you test it

20. Methodology It is first section of the paper in which subheadings should be used. Cut and-past from previous work of the author(s), not somebody else’s. Enough information must be given so that the models/experiments can be reproduced. If new measures, methods describe in detail. If the method has been previously published in a scientific journal, only the reference should be given with some identification. Don’t mix some of the results in this section. Write in the Future (Past) tense Avoid use of trades names (usually generic or chemical name)