1. 1 themoviemind.com

2.  Presidents may be outsiders; prime ministers are always insiders, chosen by the members of the majority party in parliament  Presidents have no guaranteed majority in the legislature; prime ministers always have a majority  Divided government: one party controls the White House and another controls one or both houses of Congress 2

3.  Indirect popular election  The Founding Fathers did not trust the people to make wise choices for their leaders  The Electors could select a President contrary to their state’s wishes  The number of a state’s electors are based on the total number of the state’s Senators and Representatives 538 electoral votes – 270 are required D.C. gets 3 votes 3

4. 4

5. 48 states use a winner-take-all system(Maine and Nebraska)  If no candidate won a majority, the House would decide the election Each state gets one vote (Tie within a state, it is not counted)  The Electoral College ultimately worked differently than expected, because the Founders did not anticipate the role of political parties 5

6.  Flaws:  A candidate can win the election without getting the majority of the vote  A candidate can get elected by winning the 12 largest states  Each state is guaranteed two Senate votes, regardless of its size  EX. California – 54 votes and 29 million people – 1 vote per 551,000 people  Alaska – 3 votes and 550,000 people – 1 voter per 183,000 peopl e 6

7.  2000 election results: Bush 50,456,062  Gore 50,996,582  Florida results: Bush 2,912,790  Gore 2,912,253  Bush – 271 electoral votes – won 30 states  Gore – 266 electoral votes – won 20 states and D.C.  Clinton – Dole 45m v 37m 379-159  Reagan – Carter 489-49  Reagan – Mondale 525-13 7

8.  Effect on Elections :  Third Party Candidates – campaign strategy – Can’t win, but can affect the other candidates’ races  Two Major Candidates – campaign strategyResources – Issues – Vice-Presidential selection 8

9.  Changes?  A direct vote would encourage 3 rd party candidates – a candidate can win with a plurality of the vote or throw the election into the House  Smaller states wish to keep their advantage 9 forbes.com todaysearth.com

10.  Forces candidates to try and reach all voters – rather than emphasizing the big states  It can benefit minorities if they vote in a block  It requires a constitutional amendment 10 rhymeswithplague.blogspot.com

11. 11

12.  The office was legitimated by men active in independence and founding politics  Minimal activism of early government contributed to lessening the fear of the presidency 12 aly22345.glogster.com schools-wikipedia.org

13.  Relations with Congress were reserved: few vetoes; no advice from Congress to the president  The pattern among early Presidents was to serve two terms and than leave office 13 buttermilkpress.com royallyeric.blogspot.com

14.  Potential for power found in ambiguous clauses of the Constitution—e.g., power as commander in chief, duty to “take care that laws be faithfully executed” (executive power), the State of the Union address, convene both Houses under extraordinary occasions, appointment power (domestic and foreign policy control) 14

15.  Greatest source of power lies in politics and public opinion – the bully pulpit 15 lifeforce4u.net

16.  Legislative powers – veto, pocket veto, signing legislation –  The Constitution grants the President 10 days to review a measure passed by the Congress. If the President has not signed the bill after 10 days, it becomes law without his signature. However, if Congress adjourns during the 10-day period, the bill does not become law. 16

17.  Presidents try to transform popularity into congressional support for their programs  Popularity is affected by factors beyond anyone’s control – consider Bush’s approval ratings following the September 11 th attacks 17 crapo.senate.gov

18.  Mandatory (Entitlement programs) v Discretionary spending 18 Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid v Defense Spending

19.  Party Polarization – when a party or parties become divided into 2 general fields of opinion or ideology that challenges the status quo  Lame-Duck - an elected official who is approaching the end of his/her tenure, and especially an official whose successor has already been elected. 19 mychinaconnection.com

20. 20 Thomas E.Cronin, The State of the Presidency (Boston: Little, Brown, 1975), 110-111. Copyright © 1975 by Little, Brown and Company, Inc. Reprinted by permission. Updated with Gallup poll data, 1976-2004. Reprinted by permission of the Gallup Poll News Service.

21. 21 Thomas E.Cronin, The State of the Presidency (Boston: Little, Brown, 1975), 110-111. Copyright © 1975 by Little, Brown and Company, Inc. Reprinted by permission. Updated with Gallup poll data, 1976-2004. Reprinted by permission of the Gallup Poll News Service.

22. 22

23.  Agencies which are staffed by the President’s most trusted advisors  Chief of Staff – directs all White House operations – determines the President’s calendar – who sees the President 23 They do not operate or administer public programs mediascrape.com Peter Rouse

24.  Rule of propinquity: power is wielded by people who are in the room when a decision is made  Pyramid structure: most assistants report through hierarchy to chief of staff, who then reports to president ◦ Eisenhower, Nixon, Reagan, Bush, Clinton (late in his administration) 24

25.  Circular structure: cabinet secretaries and assistants report directly to the president ◦ Carter (early in his administration)  Ad hoc structure: task forces, committees, and informal groups deal directly with president ◦ Clinton (early in his administration) Ultimately most Presidents discover it is best to rely on a few key subordinates for advice 25

26. 26 Harold W. Stanley and Richard G. Niemi, Vital Statistics on American Politics, 2003-2004 (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 2003), 254-255.

27.  An informal advisory body that serves the President’s needs  Includes 15 executive departments – created by Congress 27 cryosites.com

28.  Cabinet meetings include any official which the President approves Ex. The Vice-President Office on National Drug Control  Cabinet members serve at the pleasure of the President – They are approved by a majority vote in the Senate 28 defense.gov

29.  Not explicitly mentioned in Constitution  Presidents have many more appointments to make than do Prime Ministers, due to competition created by the separation of power 29 whitehouse.gov

30.  Presidential control over departments remains uncertain— secretaries become advocates for their departments – do not appoint their subordinates  These are operating agencies – they do administer public programs 30 clinton2.nara.gov

31. 31

32.  They make rules and regulations to protect the public interest – created in response to a social or economic problem  Commissioners are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate  The President has no direct control over the commissioners - politically independent 32

33.  Provide commercial services – often those that private industry is unwilling to do  Overseas one area of the Executive branch  Similar to departments, but they do not have Cabinet rank 33

34.  More difficult to get Senate confirmation/ratification approval of appointments – tougher scrutiny  Offices go unfulfilled -101 judicial vacancies in the federal district and appellate courts, with 48 presidential nominations awaiting confirmation. 34

35.  Recess appointments – “The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session.” Article II, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution  Obama’s appointments –Robert Stephen Ford as Ambassador to Syria and James Cole as deputy attorney general 35

36.  More frequent character/qualification attacks on nominees  Greater policy/ideological conflict  Narrows the field of candidates 36

37.  Compromise on choices (ideological)  Build a coalition in Congress  Appeal to the public and the media 37 crooksandliars.com

38.  Build additional support/coalitions with interest groups  Make interim recess appointments 38 establishareconnect.com Craig Becker NLRB lawmemo.com

39.  More intense background screening (avoid mistakes – “bullet-proof” candidates  Making deals ex. Using the veto as a threat 39 hirepros.com Zoe Baird “Nanny Gate” time.com

40.  Veto message sent within ten days of the bill’s passage  Pocket veto (only before Congress adjourns at the end of its second session)  Congress rarely overrides vetoes  President does not hold line-item veto power 40

41. 41

42.  When Clinton was president, Bush Sr, Reagan, Carter, Ford and Nixon were all alive Nixon died during the Clinton Administration There were also 6 during Bush 2's first term. Clinton, Bush, Reagan, Ford and Carter. Although at this time Reagan was no longer making public appearances so there was never the photo op of them all together. There is actually a third period in 1861-2 there were six Lincoln, Buchanan, Pierce, Fillmore, Van Buren, Tyler Six 42

43.  Only fifteen of forty- one presidents have served two full terms (George W. Bush was the 15 th.)  Eight vice presidents have taken office upon the president’s death 43 geraldfordfacts.com

44. 44

45.  John Tyler – William H. Harrison  Milliard Fillmore – Zachary Taylor  Andrew Johnson – Abraham Lincoln  Chester Arthur – James Garfield  Theodore Roosevelt – William McKinley  Calvin Coolidge – Warren Harding  Harry Truman – Franklin D. Roosevelt  Lyndon Johnson – John F. Kennedy  Gerald Ford – Richard Nixon 45

46.  Only five vice presidents won the presidency in an election without having first entered the office as a result of their president’s death  Only nine have been elected President  The vice president presides over Senate and votes in case of tie 46

47.  John Adams 1796  Jefferson 1800/1804  Van Buren 1836  T Roosevelt 1904 (after succeeding to Presidency)  Coolidge 1924 (do.)  Truman 1948 (do.)  LB Johnson 1964 (do.)  Nixon 1968 (after retiring from Vice- Presidency)  GHW Bush 1988 47

48.  Allows vice president to serve as acting president if president is disabled  Illness is decided by president, by vice president and cabinet, or by two- thirds vote of Congress  The new vice president must be confirmed by a majority vote of both houses 48

49.  Indictment by the House, conviction by the Senate  Presidential examples: Andrew Johnson, Richard Nixon (pre-empted by resignation), Bill Clinton  Neither Johnson nor Clinton was convicted by the Senate 49