1. THE FEDERAL BUREACRACY Examining the “Fourth Branch”

2. BureaucracyBureaucracy literally means “rule by desks” government by clerks literally means “rule by desks” government by clerks

3. Bureaucracy A large, complex organization composed of appointed officials

4. Characteristics of a Bureaucracy Hierarchical authority Job specialization Rules & Regulations Neutrality Hierarchical authority Job specialization Rules & Regulations Neutrality

5. Public Perceptions of Bureaucracies impersonal inclined to follow rigid or complex procedures may stifle effectiveness & innovation “red tape”

6. The Damages of the Bureaucracy Artist: unknown, La Presna, Panama Date: May, 2006 Source: http://www.politicalcartoons.comhttp://www.politicalcartoons.com

7. Public Perceptions of Bureaucracies

8. Federal Employees Self Esteem Class Artist: Chip Bok Date: unknown Source: http://www.reason.com/9602/bok.gifhttp://www.reason.com/9602/bok.gif

9. The Federal Bureaucracy What is the federal bureaucracy?

10. The Federal Bureaucracy is: 4 million employees; 2.8 million are civilians or “civil servants” President only appoints 3% (patronage or political appointments) 15 cabinet level departments 200+ independent agencies w/ 2,000+ bureaus, divisions, branches, etc. Biggest - Dept. of Defense, U.S. Postal Service, Veterans Administration 4 million employees; 2.8 million are civilians or “civil servants” President only appoints 3% (patronage or political appointments) 15 cabinet level departments 200+ independent agencies w/ 2,000+ bureaus, divisions, branches, etc. Biggest - Dept. of Defense, U.S. Postal Service, Veterans Administration

11. The Federal Bureaucracy What does the federal bureaucracy do?

12. Functions of the Federal Bureaucracy 1. Implementation 1. Implementation - carry out laws of Congress, executive orders of the Prez 2. Administration 2. Administration - routine administrative work; provide services (ex: SSA sends social security checks to beneficiaries) 3. Regulation 3. Regulation - issue rules & regulations that impact the public (ex: EPA sets clean air standards) 1. Implementation 1. Implementation - carry out laws of Congress, executive orders of the Prez 2. Administration 2. Administration - routine administrative work; provide services (ex: SSA sends social security checks to beneficiaries) 3. Regulation 3. Regulation - issue rules & regulations that impact the public (ex: EPA sets clean air standards)

13. FEMA’s Follies Artist: Mike Keefe, The Denver Post Date: April, 2006 Source: http://www.cagle.com/news/FEMASFollies/main.asphttp://www.cagle.com/news/FEMASFollies/main.asp

14. The Federal Bureaucracy How is the federal bureaucracy organized?

15. The Federal Bureaucracy Consists of 1.Cabinet Departments 2.Independent Executive Agencies 3.Independent Regulatory Commissions 4.Government Corporations

16. Federal Bureaucracy President Congress Executive Office of the President (Ex: OMB, NSC) Government Corporations (Ex: Amtrak, Postal Service) Independent Regulatory Commissions (Ex: FCC, SEC) Independent Executive Agencies (Ex: CIA, NASA) Cabinet Departments (Ex: State, Defense)

17. Organization of the Federal Bureaucracy Source: www.edmonds.wednet.edu/mths/ClassActivities/ Brzovic/policeymakersChapters12-16/

18. Another Layer of Bureaucracy Artist: Bob Englehart, The Hartford Courant Date: February, 2006 Source: : http://www.politicalcartoons.comhttp://www.politicalcartoons.com

19. The Cabinet Departments 15 Cabinet Dept headed by a “secretary” appointed by Prez & approved by Senate Each Dept “expert” in specific policy area Each Dept has its own budget Dept of Homeland Security- newest (2002)

20. Cabinet Departments SecretaryUndersecretary Senior Executive Service Bureaus, Offices, Services 15 Hierarchy Pyramids

21. Secretary ---------------------------------- Deputy Secretary Under Secretary Science and Technology Under Secretary Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection Under Secretary Border & Transportation Security Under Secretary Emergency Preparedness and Response Under Secretary Management Inspector General Director of the Secret Service (1) Commandant of Coast Guard (1) Director, Bureau of Citizenship & Immigration Services (1) General Counsel State and Local Coordination Special Assistant to the Secretary (private sector) National Capital Region Coordination Shared Services Citizenship & Immigration Service Ombudsman (1) Legislative Affairs Public Affairs Civil Rights and Civil Liberties Department of Homeland Security Chief of Staff Privacy Officer Executive Secretary International Affairs Counter Narcotics Small & Disadvantaged Business Note (1): Effective March 1 st, 2003

22. Independent Executive Agencies Established by Congress w/ separate status outside executive branch Given a specific mandate & perform a service function, not a regulatory one

23. Independent Executive Agencies Outside the major Executive Departments Soc Sec Admin, CIA, NASA, EPA

24. Independent Regulatory Commissions Regulate a specific economic activity or interest such as the FCC (public air waves) or Federal Reserve Board (banking system, money supply) IRCs operate independently from Congress & Prez Agency capture Once appointed & seated, members cannot be removed w/o cause

25. Independent Regulatory Commissions Regulate a specific economic activity or interest Protect the public interest

26. Government Corporations Government owned Businesses May or may not be profitable

27. Government Corporations Government owned businesses created by Congress May or may not be profitable, but serve a public need Ex: U.S. Postal Service, Amtrak, Tennessee Valley Authority, Corporation for Public Broadcasting

28. Who works for the federal government?

29. Who are the “Bureaucrats?” 97% are career government employees Only 10% work in D.C. area 30% work for the D.O.D. Less than 15% work for social welfare agencies Most are white collar workers: secretaries, clerks, lawyers, inspectors & engineers Civil employees more diverse demographically than Congress

30. Where do Federal Employees Work? Source: www.edmonds.wednet.edu/mths/ClassActivities/ Brzovic/policeymakersChapters12-16/

31. What Jobs Do Bureaucrats Do? Source: www.edmonds.wednet.edu/mths/ClassActivities/ Brzovic/policeymakersChapters12-16/

33. The Federal Bureaucracy is:

34. Who supervises the federal bureaucracy?

35. The President Supervises the Bureaucracy appoint & remove agency heads appoint & remove agency heads reorganize the bureaucracy reorganize the bureaucracy issue executive orders issue executive orders reduce an agency's budget reduce an agency's budget appoint & remove agency heads appoint & remove agency heads reorganize the bureaucracy reorganize the bureaucracy issue executive orders issue executive orders reduce an agency's budget reduce an agency's budget President Bush speaks about his budget priorities for FY 2007

36. Congress Oversees the Bureaucracy create or abolish agencies & departments cut or reduce funding investigate agency activities hold committee hearings pass legislation that alters an agency's functions influence or even fail to confirm presidential appointments Former FEMA Chief Michael Brown testifies before House committee investigating Hurricane Katrina

37. Federal Courts Check the Bureaucracy Federal courts can: through judicial review rule on whether bureaucracy has acted w/in the law & U.S. Constitution provide due process for individuals affected by a bureaucratic action Federal courts can: through judicial review rule on whether bureaucracy has acted w/in the law & U.S. Constitution provide due process for individuals affected by a bureaucratic action Supreme Court of the United States

38. The Bureaucracy of Pizza

39. Bureaucratic Pathologies 1.Red Tape - Complex rules & procedures 2.Conflict - Agency’s goals counter different Agency’s goals 3.Duplication - Performing the same tasks or overlap in duties 4.Imperialism - Tendency of agencies to grow without regard to benefits or costs of such growth 5.Waste - Spending more than is necessary

40. Thinking Critically 1.Why is the federal bureaucracy often referred to as “the fourth branch?” 2.Some critics believe that the real power in the federal government lies with the federal bureaucracy. To what extent do you believe this is true?