2. thing entity continuant dependent_continuant specifically_dependent_continuant realizable_entity dispositionvector_borne_diseaseOntologies &

3. Diseaseestim. popul. infected in SSA (milion) esti. % of SSA population infected estim % of Global disease burden in SSA Hookworm19829%34% Schistosomiasis19225%93% Ascariasis17325%21% Trichuriasis16224%27% Lymph. filariasis 46-516-9%37-44% Onchocerciasis375%>99% Active trachoma 303%48% Loiasis ≤ 13 1-2%100% Yellow fever 0.180.02%90% H.A.T.0.50-0.70<0.01%100% Leprosy0.30<0.01%14% Visc. Leishmaniasis 0.19-0.24<0.01%ND Dracunculiasis0.001<0.01%100% Buruli ulcer > 0.0004 <0.01%57% Tropical disease burden in SSA

4. PopulationAt risk suspected cases confirmed cases inpatient cases deaths Africa 833,633 K 704,798 K 110,824 K 80,394 K 5,400 K 596 K (-> 400 M) America 550,594 K 160,146 K 8,796 K 674 K 7.2 K 1.2 K Europe 277,042 K 0035600 SE Asia 1.807,278 K 1,252,518 K 117,239 K 4,417 K 57 K 38 K World 5,647,741 K3,248,885 K266,184 K94,265 K5,645 K 655 K 539-906 K (-> 2.7 M) Global malaria burden

5. Malaria incidence rate

6. Dengue incidence

7. VBD in the USA Bacterial Diseases Arboviral Diseases Lyme Disease Chikungunya Plague Dengue Tick-borne Relapsing Fever Eastern Equine Encephalitis Tularemia Japanese Encephalitis LaCrosse Encephalitis Saint Louis Encephalitis Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever West Nile Encephalitis Anaplasmosis Western Equine Encephalitis Ehrlichiosis Yellow Fever

8. Malaria

9. The Malaria triad

10. - Good drugs exist, but pathogens are increasingly resistant. -Most drugs are too expensive: a typical disease of poverty. -No vaccine available. -Chemotherapy works well for individual patient but not for area-wide control. The Malaria problem

11. With the exception of the yellow fever, for which an effective vaccine exists, vector-borne diseases have only been controlled through the control of their arthropod vectors (insecticides, physical protection, environmental management). Examples range from Malaria (Anopheline mosquitoes - e.g. Europe, Latin America, etc.), to American trypanosomiasis (Chagas’ disease - kissing bugs), to Onchocerciasis (River blindness - simulid flies), to…

14. The historic solution: DDT (and other insecticides)

15. Spread of Insecticide Resistance

16. Insecticide Resistance Insecticide Resistance is a heritable change in the sensitivity of a pest population that is reflected in the repeated failure of a product to achieve the expected level of control when used according to the label recommendation for that pest species. Insecticide resistance is a population phenotype, it is the result of natural selection!

17. Insecticide Resistance: management (Develop new insecticides with a different mode of action). (Develop new insecticides with a different mode of action). Use more than one insecticides with a different mode of action (alternating, combinatorial, chessboard). Use more than one insecticides with a different mode of action (alternating, combinatorial, chessboard). Efficient monitoring in combination with above. Efficient monitoring in combination with above.

19. MIRO & IRBase Originally non-BFO, now also integrated into IDOMAL. Stand-alone MIRO is being expanded to cover agricultural pests. Originally non-BFO, now also integrated into IDOMAL. Stand-alone MIRO is being expanded to cover agricultural pests. Domains: Insecticides (ChEBI), biological material, resistance mechanisms, methods (future: OBI?), Geo and environment (GAZ & ENVO) Domains: Insecticides (ChEBI), biological material, resistance mechanisms, methods (future: OBI?), Geo and environment (GAZ & ENVO) IRBase: has been integrated into the new PopGen section of VectorBase (cross-talk to transmission, population genetics, genome, etc.) IRBase: has been integrated into the new PopGen section of VectorBase (cross-talk to transmission, population genetics, genome, etc.)

21. IRBase

22. The example of Insecticide Resistance: Aedes aegypti, 2098 records

23. The example of Insecticide Resistance: Aedes aegypti, 2098 records

24. The example of Insecticide Resistance: Aedes aegypti - DDT, 133 records

25. IDO IDOMAL IDODEN IDOCHA EuPathDB VIPR VectorBase MDSS DDSS GO, ChEBI, GAZ, ENVO, OBI, etc.

26. IDOMAL malaria immunology remedies & natural products vector biology antimalarial drugs, resistance symptoms & signs vector control insecticide resistance malaria epidemiology etc... malaria transmission vector pop. biol. & genet. insecticidal substances IR methodology geography GAZ environment ENVO and more…

27. OBI/MIRO: assay MIRO: resistance assay CHEBI: insecticide is_aparticipates_in MIRO: Organism MIRO: resistance VB_CV: genotype PATO: Phenotype VB_CV/MIRO: Mosquito population GAZ: Geolocation IDOMAL: Human population IDOMAL: Transmission detection assay IDOMAL: Human biting rate Sporozoite rate Parous rate Vectorial capacity IDOMAL: Human biting rate Sporozoite rate Parous rate Vectorial capacity ENVO : Environmental conditions e.g. Rice field, Irrigation scheme, swamp, altitude, av. temperature, annual rainfall, av. humidity ENVO : Environmental conditions e.g. Rice field, Irrigation scheme, swamp, altitude, av. temperature, annual rainfall, av. humidity GAZ: Country, Province, District, GPS coordinates GAZ: Country, Province, District, GPS coordinates OBI/MIRO: collection assay IDOMAL: Season IDOMAL: Season Season + Geolocation + Human population + Mosq. population is_a has_input has_output is_a has_output is_a has_input has_member has_quality is_a has_quality is_about located_in IDOMAL: Malaria control measures

28. OBI/MIRO: assay MIRO: resistance assay CHEBI: insecticide is_aparticipates_in MIRO: Organism MIRO: resistance VB_CV: genotype PATO: Phenotype VB_CV/MIRO: Mosquito population GAZ: Geolocation IDOMAL: Human population IDOMAL: Transmission detection assay IDOMAL: Human biting rate Sporozoite rate Parous rate Vectorial capacity IDOMAL: Human biting rate Sporozoite rate Parous rate Vectorial capacity ENVO : Environmental conditions e.g. Rice field, Irrigation scheme, swamp, altitude, av. temperature, annual rainfall, av. humidity ENVO : Environmental conditions e.g. Rice field, Irrigation scheme, swamp, altitude, av. temperature, annual rainfall, av. humidity GAZ: Country, Province, District, GPS coordinates GAZ: Country, Province, District, GPS coordinates OBI/MIRO: collection assay IDOMAL: Season IDOMAL: Season Season + Geolocation + Human population + Mosq. population is_a has_input has_output is_a has_output is_a has_input has_member has_quality is_a has_quality is_about located_in IDOMAL: Malaria control measures "IDOVBD": Additional data models "IDOVBD": Additional data models “Oth_Ont2”: Additional data models “Oth_Ont2”: Additional data models “Oth_Ont1”: Additional data models “Oth_Ont1”: Additional data models

29. Chris Stoeckert, David Roos et al., pers. communic.

36. Acknowledgements The people who did the work: Ioana Bujila, Elena Deligianni, Emmanuel Dialynas, Vicky Dritsou, Elvira Mitraka, Inga Siden-Kiamos, Pantelis Topalis Our collaborators: All members of VectorBase (esp. Frank Collins), Marita Troye- Blomberg (malaria immunology/U. Stockholm), all PIs of Transmalariabloc (esp. George Christophides), John Vontas (Insecticide resistance/U. Crete) The hands that fed us: VectorBase (NIAID), BioMalPar, EVIMalR and Transmalariabloc (EU-DG XII) The people who did the work: Ioana Bujila, Elena Deligianni, Emmanuel Dialynas, Vicky Dritsou, Elvira Mitraka, Inga Siden-Kiamos, Pantelis Topalis Our collaborators: All members of VectorBase (esp. Frank Collins), Marita Troye- Blomberg (malaria immunology/U. Stockholm), all PIs of Transmalariabloc (esp. George Christophides), John Vontas (Insecticide resistance/U. Crete) The hands that fed us: VectorBase (NIAID), BioMalPar, EVIMalR and Transmalariabloc (EU-DG XII)

37. Τέλος Ευχαριστώ! Τέλος Ευχαριστώ!