1. 1 Overview of Emissions Inventories Melinda Ronca-Battista, ITEP/TAMS Center

2. 2 Overview What is an Emissions Inventory and why do we need one? This workshop - EI Fundamentals ◦ Types of EIs ◦ Pollutants and Sources ◦ Outcome is a Level 4 EI: List of sources and pollutants EI Advanced (next workshop) ◦ Using TEISS calculators and Emission Factors ◦ Outcome is a Level 1, 2, or 3 EI, with calculated emissions ◦ Reporting

3. 3 What is an Emissions Inventory? Listing of sources and air pollutants in geographic area during specific time period Level 4 will just have list Level 1, 2, or 3 have calculated emissions

4. 4 How are EI data used? Air quality management tool ◦ Collect baseline data ◦ Develop & track emissions control and management strategies Regulations development Air quality modeling and assessment Permits ◦ Do you have facilities that need permits? ◦ Operating conditions (potential to emit) ◦ Fees Emissions trading Regulatory compliance

5. 5 What are Emissions? Criteria Pollutants ◦ Particulate matter: PM 10 and PM 2.5 ◦ Nitrogen oxides: NO x ◦ Sulfur dioxide: SO 2 ◦ Carbon monoxide: CO ◦ Lead: Pb Ozone precursors ◦ Ammonia: NH 3 ◦ Volatile Organic Compounds: VOCs HAPs (Air Toxics) ◦ 187 toxic, carcinogenic compounds without regulated standards

6. 6 Criteria Pollutants What about Ozone? ◦ Ozone is not emitted directly by sources ◦ EIs inventory ozone precursors  VOCs  NOx  Both react with sunlight to form ozone ◦ NOx and VOCs get inventoried, but not ozone itself

7. 7 HAPs (Air Toxics) 187 compounds listed in CAA including ◦ Mercury (power plants, coal-fired) ◦ Perchloroethylene (dry cleaning) ◦ Benzene (gasoline) ◦ Chloroform (chlorination plants, paper mills) ◦ Methyl Isocyanate (pesticide manufacturing)  Release at Bhopal, India, killed 4,000 people ◦ The list goes on…

8. 8 What are Emission Sources? Point Sources On-Road Mobile Sources Non-Road Mobile Sources Non-Point Sources (Area Sources) Based on EPA Event Sources

9. 9 Steps to your EI: Level 4 EI – Gather Existing Data ◦ Everyone should start by doing a Level 4 EI ◦ Compile existing data from the National Emission Inventory (NEI)  Shows air pollution emitting facilities in your area (point sources)  Identifies non-point sources that create most emissions in your area ◦ This first step allows you to see what is already in the EPA database that has been reported by state and local agencies

10. 10 Level 4 EI is outcome of this workshop: Mock EI we will work through Your EI you work through Mock EI covers: ◦ Point ◦ Nonpoint ◦ Non-road ◦ On-road ◦ Obtain from the EPA’s national database-the National Emission Inventory (NEI) data Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP)

11. 11 Types of Sources Point sources = Stationary sources Area sources = Non-Point sources Event Sources Mobile sources ◦ On-Road (cars, motorcycles, trucks, buses) ◦ Non-Road (off-road equipment) Biogenic sources 11

12. 12 What is a Point Source? Individual, stationary source Emitting quantities above the emission threshold Emission thresholds vary according to type of pollutant and that location’s non- attainment area classification See EPA’s Air Emission Reporting Requirement (AERR) for federal thresholds

13. 13 What is a Point Source? AERR reporting thresholds are quite high Many states have lower thresholds Consider using state thresholds to define your reservation’s point sources ◦ Makes EI compatible with others in your area ◦ Get a more detailed listing of point sources  Example: Busy gas station can be point source under state thresholds, but not EPA’s  If not a point source, classify as a nonpoint source

14. 14 Example: Point Source Thresholds in Tons per Year (tpy) Pollutant EPA’s AERR Reporting Thresholds New Mexico Reporting Thresholds Lead (Pb)≥0.5>1 PM10≥100>10 PM2.5≥100>10 Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) ≥100>10 Carbon Monoxide (CO) ≥1000>10 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) ≥100>10

15. 15 Point Source Characteristics Large, stationary sources ◦ Manufacturing or production plants ◦ Power plants, refineries ◦ Large, industrial facilities A single point source facility can have emissions from ◦ Smoke stacks ◦ Units within directed to stacks ◦ Fugitive sources within plant

16. 16 Area (Non-Point) Sources Stationary sources that emit ◦ Less than point source threshold ◦ Smaller emitters, but numerous ◦ Often have fugitive (uncontrollable) emissions Tend to be sources like Gasoline stations Dry cleaners Auto body/paint shops Unpaved roads

17. 17 Other Nonpoint Sources Other nonpoint source examples ◦ Agricultural field burning ◦ Residential wood combustion ◦ Residential combustion of household waste (backyard burning)

18. 18 Event Sources Wildfires and prescribed burning ◦ Now inventoried as EVENTS

19. 19 On-Road Mobile Sources Vehicles found on roads and highways (e.g., cars, trucks, buses, motorcycles) ◦ 20 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and metals quantified (Urban Air Toxics) ◦ Diesel particulate matter and diesel exhaust organic gases also quantified

20. 20 Non-Road Mobile Sources Mobile sources not found on roads and highways Lawn mowers Construction Vehicles Farm machinery Exceptions ◦ Commercial marine vessels and locomotives usually reported as a nonpoint source ◦ Aircraft usually reported as point sources at an airport

21. 21 Aircraft Note about aircraft ◦ ALL airports are now considered point sources in the NEI ◦ If you have airports on your reservation, check the most recent NEI data. Use it in your EI. ◦ UNLESS you have more accurate data

22. 22 Biogenic Sources Naturally occurring emissions ◦ Vegetation: Trees, shrubs, grasses ◦ Microbial: Soil bacteria, termites EPA estimates these emissions on a county level for entire country… …so you don’t have to

23. 23 Point, Nonpoint, Non-road Mobile, On- Road Mobile or Event?

24. 24 Point, Nonpoint, Non-road Mobile, On- Road Mobile or Event?

25. 25 Point, Nonpoint, Non-road Mobile, On- Road Mobile or Event?

26. 26 Point, Nonpoint, Non-road Mobile, On- Road Mobile or Event?

27. 27 Point, Nonpoint, Non-road Mobile, On- Road Mobile or Event?

28. 28 Point, Nonpoint, Non-road Mobile, On- Road Mobile or Event?

29. 29 Point, Nonpoint, Non-road Mobile, On- Road Mobile or Event?

30. 30 Point, Nonpoint, Non-road Mobile, On- Road Mobile or Event?

31. 31 Review of Mock EI The mock EI, MyReservationEI, is in the zipped module folder Review first 3 sections Introduction Reservation Location Emissions Area

32. 32

33. 33 Location County Area Population Description of land use (rural) Nearby cities, towns

34. 34 Emissions Area for this Level 4 EI: Point Sources: Level 4 EI usually includes point sources within a “buffer area” (typically 5 to 50 miles, depending on the type of sources) around the reservation Nonpoint, non-road, and on-road: entire surrounding county(ies) Use TEISS to make a map and include in your final EI report

35. 35

36. 36 Homework due in 5 days: 1.Based on information you already know about your land, what sources are there? 2.Using the MyReservationEI as a template, write your Introduction, Reservation Location, and Emissions Area sections 3.Email a MS Word document containing these 3 sections to instructor Next module: all you need to know about TEISS for a Level 4 EI