1. The Expansion of Industry
Main Idea
At the end of the 19th century, natural resources, creative ideas, and growing markets fueled an industrial boom
Why it matters now
Technological developments of the late 19th century paved the way for the continued growth of American Industry

2. Natural Resources Fueled Industrialization
What led to the nation’s industrial boom?
Wealth of natural resources, government support for business/new inventions, and a growing urban population that provided cheap labor.

3. Video- Oil Industry

4. Natural Resources Texas oil boom Spindletop, near Beaumont, TX.
Petroleum Refining
Oil to Kerosene
Oil to Gasoline

5. Video- Steel Industry

6. Inventions Promote Change
How did new inventions and products affect people at home and at work?
Helped improve people’s standard of living. Freed people from backbreaking work. Factories could mass produce items.

7. Video- Railroads

8. Inventions & Change

9. Resources, Ideas, Markets
Taking Notes
Resources, Ideas, Markets
Impact
Oil Drill
Oil Boom, Wealth
Bessemer Process
Bridge Construction, more Railroads
Steel
Frame buildings
Electrical Power
Artificial light widely available
Telephone
Faster communications

10. The Age of Railroads Main Idea Why it Matters Now
The growth and consolidation
of railroads benefited the nation
but also led to corruption and required
government regulation
Why it Matters Now
Railroads made possible the expansion
of industry across the United States

11. Railroads Span Time and Space
How did the government facilitate the expansion of the railroads?
Government made huge land grants and loans to the railroad companies and set time zones to be set.

13. Railroads Span Time and Space
National Network
Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroads
Promontory, Utah on May 10, 1869
Transcontinental Railroad
Romance and Reality
Central Pacific- Chinese immigrants
Union Pacific- Irish immigrants & Civil War veterans
Harsh life;1888-2,000 killed,20,000 injured
Railroad Time
1869-C.F. Dowd- 24 time zones
4 time zones in the U.S.
Eastern, Central, Mountain, Pacific
Nov. 18,1883- Synchronized time across country

15. Opportunities and Opportunities
How would the growth of railroad lines promote the growth of cities and trade?
It helped establish new markets, and offered rich opportunities for both visionaries and profiteers.

16. Opportunities and Opportunities
The growth of railroads influenced the industries and businesses in which Americans worked. Iron, coal, steel, lumber, and glass industries grew rapidly.

17. The Grange and the Railroads
How would Granger laws help farmers?
Congress passed laws that would protect their interests. It established maximum freight and passenger rates and prohibit discrimination.

18. The Grange and the Railroads
Farmers were especially affected by corruption in the railroads.
The Grangers began demanding governmental control over the railroad industry.

19. Taking Notes

20. Big Business and Labor Main Idea
The expansion of Industry resulted in the growth of big business and prompted laborers to form unions to better their lives
Why it Matters Now
Many of the strategies used today in Industry and in the labor movement, such as consolidation and the strike, have their origins in the late 19th century

21. Carnegie’s Innovations
What business did Andrew Carnegie dominate?
Steel Business The Carnegie Steel Company.

22. Carnegie’s Innovations
Earned his money first by buying stock in the Pennsylvania Railroads
1899- Carnegie Steel Company
New Business Strategies
Make better products more cheaply
Attracted talented people by offering them stocks in the company. He encouraged competition.
Carnegie looked to control as much of the steel industry
Vertical Integration- process in which he bought out his suppliers. Control materials.
Horizontal Integration- companies producing similar products merge. Limited competition.

23. Carnegie Owns Owner X Carnegie Owns Owner Y Carnegie Owns Owner Z
Production Process
Horizontal Integration
Vertical Integration
Raw Materials:
Coal and Iron Mines
Carnegie Owns
Owner X
Manufacturing the Steel:
Steel Mills
Carnegie Owns
Owner Y
Transportation to and
From mill: Railroads
Carnegie Owns
Owner Z

24. Social Darwinism What does the theory of Social Darwinism advocate?
The strongest will survive.
What methods did ruthless business operators use to eliminate their competition?
Big businesses form monopolies. They merged small companies into larger ones. They could fix their prices and wages to their advantage.

25. Social Darwinism and Business
Andrew Carnegie explained his extraordinary success by pointing to his hard work, shrewd business investments, and innovative business practices.

26. Fewer Control More

27. “Robber Barons”
1880-Standard Oil controlled 90% of the refining business.
Paid employees low wages and drove competitors out of business by lowering the price it cost to produce it.
“Robber Barons”
He eventually gave away over $500 million
University of Chicago, Rockefeller Foundation, and Medical Foundation.

28. Fewer Control More Sherman Antitrust Act
Made it illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade between states or with other countries.
Didn’t have much of an impact
How did economic factors limit the industrialization in the South?
The South had a devastated economy from the Civil War. It was at the mercy of the Northern railroad companies for transporting goods to markets.
Business Boom Bypasses the South
South still trying to recover from the Civil War.
People didn’t want to take the risk.

29. Labor Unions Emerge
What conditions did many factory workers face in the late 19th century?
Long hours(12), poor working conditions, No vacations, sick days. Worked six days a week.

30. Early Labor Organizing
National Labor Union(NLU)- 1st large union 1866
William H. Sylvis
8 Hour workdays
Colored National Labor Union(CNLU)
Knights of Labor-Uriah Stephens
“An injury to one is the concern of all.”
Open to all workers
Equal pay for equal work for both men and women
8 hour workday
Strikes would be a last resort

31. Union Movements Diverge
Two major types of unions made great gains under forceful leaders

32. Union Characteristics Leader 8 hour work day. No blacks NLU
William Sylvis
8 hour work day.
Isaac Meyers
CNLU
Individual workers. Open to
All.
Uriah Stephens
Knights of Labor
Collective bargaining
or negotiation
AFL
Samuel Gompers
Higher wages, skilled & unskilled workers
Eugene V. Debs
ARU
Better working conditions; miners, dock workers, lumberers.
IWW
William “Big Bill” Haywood

33. Strikes Turn Violent

34. Strikes Turn Violent Women Organize
Mary Harris Jones
UMW- United Mine Workers
Child Labor
Pauline Newman-16 yrs. old
International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union (ILGWU)
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory-NY City, March 28, 1911
Management & Government Pressure Unions
“Yellow-Dog Contracts”