1. ITR3 lecture 3: Namespaces, XML Schema & XSL Thomas Krichel 2002-09-10

2. Gee…. Birdseye view only, have a look at what these things do. If there is interest, I can teach some more in a separate course. Structure –Some XML related standards –Namespaces –XML Schema –XSL

3. Literature Castro, Elizabeth (2001). XML for the World Wide Web: Visual QuickStart Guide. Peachpit Press. Duckett, Jon et al. (2001). Professional XML Schemas. Wrox Press (recommended) Kay, Michael (2001). XSLT (2nd ed.). Wrox Press.

4. XHTML This is HTML redefined so that it becomes well-formed XML Examples –Case-sensitive elements – replaced by Verdict: pain without gain

5. Resource Description Framework (RDF) A standard issued by the W3C. A framework to encode meaning to make it computer processable. Uses the approach of a directed graph. Generalizes an object / property / value approach –Value may be another object. –Objects are URI identified by a URI. –Properties may be identified with a URI A paper on RDF available at http://openlib.org/home/krichel/papers/anhalter.letter.pdf http://openlib.org/home/krichel/papers/anhalter.letter.pdf RDF XML syntax is defined but currently being reworked. Verdict: very costly to implement.

6. Cascading style sheets (CSS) a non-XML way of writing stylesheets that can be applied to both XML and HTML. Widely supported by browsers. Written as a sequence of rules. Example compositionyear, recordingyear { color: red; font-family: sans-serif } Verdict: not flexible

7. XPath and XPointer are non-XML syntaxes referring to parts of an XML document, specific –Ranges –points –sets of XML document. There are used in other XML related standards, in particular, in XSL will be covered as part of XSL. Verdict: useful

8. XLinks is an XML syntax to link XML documents. They go way beyond the conventional linking capabilities of HTML, but there is no obvious way for the browser to represent them. Verdict: nonsense

9. Document Object Model DOM “a platform- and language-neutral interface that will allow programs and scripts to dynamically access and update the content, structure and style of documents. The Document Object Model provides a standard set of objects for representing HTML and XML documents, a standard model of how these objects can be combined, and a standard interface for accessing and manipulating them.” Now at ''Level 3''. Works by building a tree out of a document. Verdict: exxxtremly complicated

10. Simple API for XML (SAX) SAX is an event-based paring model. It reports parsing events (such as the start and end of elements) directly to the application through callbacks Does not usually build an internal tree. A lot less resource-intensive, – when the document is large – when the task is simple. Verdict: thumbs up!

11. XML Information Sets best understood through an example. Consider two XML snippets. Snippet 1 Margarete Krichel Snippet 2 Margarete Krichel Are they the same?

12. XML Namespaces Allow to make XML element names and attribute name globally unique by associating them with a particular URI, usually a URL. The globally unique name is called the qualified name or qname, for short. The name without the namespace URI called the local name. This is done through a namespaces declaration, and a prefix. The namespace declaration associates a short string, called a prefix with the namespace. The qualified name can then be written as prefix:localname

13. Namespace syntax … element is the element name prefix is the prefix URI is a URI, often a URL, actually. [ ] indicate that it is optional. If the prefix is missing it means that all elements that have no namespace prefix belong, by default to the declared namespace. Namespace declaration remains local to the children of element.

14. Avoiding cerebral indigestion related to namespaces Expect nothing if you retrieve the namespace URI, when it is a URL. Prefixes can be any short string. Some prefixes are customary, like xsi for http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance Default attributes only apply to elements not attributes. Attributes belong to the namespace of their elements, unless it has an explicit prefix.

15. XML Schemas http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-0/ (Primer) http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-1/ (Structures) http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-2/ (Datatypes)

16. What is XML Schema? XML Schema is vocabulary for expressing constraints for the validity of an XML document. A piece of XML is valid if it satisfies the constraints expressed in another XML file, the schema file. The idea is to check if the XML file is fit for a certain purpose.

17. Example 32.904237 73.620290 2 To be valid, this XML snippet must meet all the following constraints: 1. The location must be comprised of a latitude, followed by a longitude, followed by an indication of the uncertainty of the lat/lon measurements. 2. The latitude must be a decimal with a value between -90 to +90 3. The longitude must be a decimal with a value between -180 to +180 4. For both latitude and longitude the number of digits to the right of the decimal point must be exactly six digits. 5. The value of uncertainty must be a non-negative integer 6. The uncertainty units must be either meters or feet.

18. Validating your data 32.904237 73.620290 2 -check that the latitude is between -90 and +90 -check that the longitude is between -180 and +180 - check that the fraction digits is 6 … Etc.. XML instance XML Schema validator Data is ok! XML Schema file software

19. History of Schema Once upon a time, there was SGML SGML has a “schema” language called a DTD. It is crap –Different syntax then SGML –Main focus on presence and absence of elements –Very limited capabilties to check contents of elements (datatypes)

20. XML Schemas can constrain the structure of instance documents –"this element contains these elements, which contains these other elements“, etc the datatype of each element/attribute –"this element shall hold an integer with the range 0 to 12,000"

21. Highlights of XML Schemas 44 built-in datatypes Can create your own datatypes by extending or restricting existing datatypes Written in the same syntax as instance documents Can express sets, i.e., can define the child elements to occur in any order Can specify element content as being unique (keys on content) and uniqueness within a region Can define multiple elements with the same name but different content Can define elements with nil content Can define substitutable elements

22. important schema concepts simple types: types that can not have child elements –elements that only have text contents and no attributes –attributes complex type: type of anything that can have child attributes

23. important schema concepts global declarations are direct children of the root schema element. They are visible everywhere. all local declarations are local and are limited in scope to the element that they appear within

24. important schema concepts Value space. The range of values that the type can take Lexical space. The range litterals that represent the value Set of facets. The defining properties of a type. –Fundamental facets include equality, order, bounds, cardinality, numeric/non-numeric –Constraining facets include ranges for numbers, string lengths, or a regular expressions

25. Namespaces XML Schema file mixes vocabulary from the XML Schema language with own vocabulary to be created. Has to keep both separate using namespaces. Namespaces associate a URI with names.

26. element complexType schema sequence http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema string integer boolean BookStore Book Title Author Date ISBN Publisher http://www.books.org (targetNamespace) This is the vocabulary that XML Schemas provide to define your new vocabulary This is the vocabulary for our book store xml description.

27. <xsd:schema xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" targetNamespace="http://www.books.org" xmlns="http://www.books.org" elementFormDefault="qualified"> BookStore.xsd (see example01) xsd = Xml-Schema Definition (explanations on succeeding pages)

28. <xsd:schema xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" targetNamespace="http://www.books.org" xmlns="http://www.books.org" elementFormDefault="qualified">

29. <xsd:schema xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" targetNamespace="http://www.books.org" xmlns="http://www.books.org" elementFormDefault="qualified"> All XML Schemas have "schema" as the root element.

30. <xsd:schema xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" targetNamespace="http://www.books.org" xmlns="http://www.books.org" elementFormDefault="qualified"> The elements and datatypes that are used to construct schemas - schema - element - complexType - sequence - string come from the http://…/XMLSchema namespace

31. element complexType schema sequence http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema XMLSchema Namespace string integer boolean

32. <xsd:schema xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" targetNamespace="http://www.books.org" xmlns="http://www.books.org" elementFormDefault="qualified"> Says that the elements defined by this schema - BookStore - Book - Title - Author - Date - ISBN - Publisher are to go in this namespace

33. BookStore Book Title Author Date ISBN Publisher http://www.books.org (targetNamespace) Book Namespace (targetNamespace)

34. <xsd:schema xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" targetNamespace="http://www.books.org" xmlns="http://www.books.org" elementFormDefault="qualified"> This is referencing a Book element declaration. The Book in what namespace? The default namespace is http://www.books.org which is the targetNamespace!

35. <xsd:schema xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" targetNamespace="http://www.books.org" xmlns="http://www.books.org" elementFormDefault="qualified"> This is a directive to any instance documents which conform to this schema: Any elements that are defined in this schema must be namespace-qualified when used in instance documents.

36. Referencing a schema in an XML instance document <BookStore xmlns ="http://www.books.org" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.books.org BookStore.xsd"> My Life and Times Paul McCartney July, 1998 94303-12021-43892 McMillin Publishing... 1. First, using a default namespace declaration, tell the schema-validator that all of the elements used in this instance document come from the http://www.books.org namespace. 2. Second, with schemaLocation tell the schema-validator that the http://www.books.org namespace is defined by BookStore.xsd (i.e., schemaLocation contains a pair of values). 3. Third, tell the schema-validator that the schemaLocation attribute we are using is the one in the XML Schema-instance namespace. 1 2 3

37. schemaLocation type noNamespaceSchemaLocation http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance XMLSchema-instance Namespace nil

38. Referencing a schema in an XML instance document BookStore.xml BookStore.xsd targetNamespace="http://www.books.org" schemaLocation="http://www.books.org BookStore.xsd" - defines elements in namespace http://www.books.org - uses elements from namespace http://www.books.org A schema defines a new vocabulary. Instance documents use that new vocabulary.

39. Note multiple levels of checking BookStore.xmlBookStore.xsd XMLSchema.xsd (schema-for-schemas) Validate that the xml document conforms to the rules described in BookStore.xsd Validate that BookStore.xsd is a valid schema document, i.e., it conforms to the rules described in the schema-for-schemas

40. Using XSLT and XPath

41. XSL transforms XML XSL may be used to generate either HTML, XML, or text XSL Processor XSL XML HTML (or XML or text)

42. Doing it using Internet Explorer First, download the latest version of Internet Explorer (at this time it is 6.0) Write an XSL stylesheet stylish.xsl Write an XML file, and refer to the xsl stylesheet with a processing instruction Note: this does not work with other browsers!

43. XML tree XSL has a model of XML as a tree. XSL tree model is similar to the DOM model. As the processor does its job it looks at elements of the input tree and transforms them to the output tree. The processor only writes the file to the tree at the end. End points in the tree are called “nodes”.

44. in the general section we examine how XSL looks at an XML document. In fact it builds a tree. and then we look at a very simple way to look at what the stylesheet does. After that we have Roger showing us the details.

45. Seven types of nodes root node: contains all the elements in the document. Not to be confused with the document element of XML. element node: contains an element text node: contain an as-large-as-possible area of text. attribute node: contains attribute name and value comment node: contains a comment processing instruction (p-i) node namespace node: each element node has one namespace node for every namespace declaration

46. properties of nodes: name This is empty for the root, text and comment nodes. for elments and attribute node, it is the name as it appears in the xml file, expanded by namespace declarations. for p-i nodes, it is the target for a namespace node, it is the prefix

47. properties of nodes: string value for text nodes: the text for comment nodes: the text of the comment for p-i nodes: the data part of the p-i. for an attribute node: the value of the attribute for a root node: the concatenation of all the string values of all element and text children. for a namespace node: the URI of the namespace

48. properties of nodes: base URI for all nodes: the URI of the XML source document where the node has been found Only of interest for elements and p-i nodes for the root node: the URI of the document for attribute, text and comment nodes: the base URI of its parent node

49. properties of nodes: children for element nodes: all the element nodes, text nodes, p-i nodes and comment nodes between its start and end tags. for root nodes: all the element nodes, text nodes, p-i nodes and comment nodes that are not children of some other node.

50. parent node for all nodes except root nodes: the parent of the node. attribute nodes and namespace nodes have an element node as parent node, but are not considered to be its child.

51. property of nodes: attribute element: one to many attributes that the element has other nodes: empty Now we look at what XSL does

52. Different formats… is the default used for everything else. Final formatting may be up to formatting objects, anyway. Your stylesheet processor may have more formats, but they will be vendor-specific.

53. templates set rules do some stuff This is a rule that says, if you find a node that matches the expression expression, then go ahead and do some stuff. It is called a template. The fact that a rule is written down down does not imply that it is applied.

54. applying templates says: apply all template rules on the current node and on all its child nodes.

55. Default, built-in rules for the nodes root: on all children element: to the current node and all its children attribute: copy the value as text to the output text: copy the text to the output comment, p-i, namespace: do nothing

56. HTML Generation We will first use XSL to generate HTML documents When generating HTML, XSL should be viewed as a tool to enhance HTML documents. –That is, the HTML documents may be enhanced by extracting data out of XML documents –XSL provides elements (tags) for extracting the XML data, thus allowing us to enhance HTML documents with data from an XML document

57. Enhancing HTML Documents with XML Data XML Document HTML Document (with embedded XSL elements) XSL element XML data XSL Processor XML data

58. Enhancing HTML Documents with the Following XML Data Jeff 555-1234 555-4321 lightgrey FitnessCenter.xml

59. Embed HTML Document in an XSL Template Welcome Welcome! FitnessCenter.xsl (see html-example01)

60. Note The HTML is embedded within an XSL template, which is an XML document. T he HTML must be well formed. We are able to add XSL elements to the HTML, allowing us to extract data out of XML documents. Let's customize the HTML welcome page by putting in the member's name. This is achieved by extracting the name from the XML document. We use an XSL element to do this.

61. Extracting the Member Name <xsl:stylesheet xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" version="1.0"> Welcome Welcome ! (see html-example02)

62. Extracting a Value from & Navigating the XML Document Extracting values: –use the XSL element Navigating: –The slash ("/") indicates parent/child relationship –A slash at the beginning of the path indicates that it is an absolute path, starting from the top of the XML document /FitnessCenter/Member/Name "Start from the top of the XML document, go to the FitnessCenter element, from there go to the Member element, and from there go to the Name element."

63. Document / PI Element FitnessCenter Element Member Element Name Element Phone Element Phone Element FavoriteColor Text Jeff Text 555-1234 Text 555-4321 Text lightgrey

64. http://openlib.org/home/krichel Thank you for your attention!