1. EVOLUTIONARY EVIDENCE and PATTERNS

2. ARTIFICIAL SELECTION

4. NATURAL SELECTION favors organisms that are better suited to survive in a given environment favors organisms that are better suited to survive in a given environment HOW? HOW? 1. Variation 2. Competition 3. Reproduction 4. Inheritance 5. Selection the mechanism of evolution

5. ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT STRAINS -Bacteria developed a mutation towards resistance to a antibiotic -Those w/ mutations survived and reproduced -Spread the survival gene to the next generations -They survive and become the majority of the population

6. ‘SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST’ ‘SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST’ Some organisms have traits that help them survive/reproduce better than others (adaptations) Some organisms have traits that help them survive/reproduce better than others (adaptations) Some organisms are well adapted to their environments and will reproduce more successfully (fitness) Some organisms are well adapted to their environments and will reproduce more successfully (fitness) Selected FOR an environment- traits are better suited for that particular environment Selected FOR an environment- traits are better suited for that particular environment Selected AGAINST an environment- traits are not well suited for the environment Selected AGAINST an environment- traits are not well suited for the environment individuals with adaptations that help it survive and reproduce most successfully

7. CLASSIC EXAMPLE: INDUSTRIAL MELANISM & THE PEPPERED MOTH 2 varieties of moth: dark and light 2 varieties of moth: dark and light Pre-Industrial Revolution  dark moth was rare Pre-Industrial Revolution  dark moth was rare During the Industrial Revolution  light moth became rare During the Industrial Revolution  light moth became rare WHY? Some moths had an adaptive advantage that  fitness Those adaptations were passed on and that trait was selected FOR. WHY? Some moths had an adaptive advantage that  fitness Those adaptations were passed on and that trait was selected FOR.

8. EMBRYOLOGY HOMOLOGOUS & ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES SIMILARITIES IN BIOCHEMISTRY VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES FOSSIL RECORD EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION FOSSIL RECORD shows: direct evidence to the history of evolution biological diversity, new species formation and mass extinction relative age of other fossils and rock strata some gaps w/in the fossil record due to geological and mechanical events

9. EMBRYOLOGY HOMOLOGOUS & ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES SIMILARITIES IN BIOCHEMISTRY HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES similar features that originated in a common ancestor with similar embryology example: the forelimbs of different vertebrate species HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES similar anatomical features originating in a common ancestor w/ similar embryology example: the forelimbs of different vertebrate species ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES similar features that have identical functions but w/ different embryology and not derived from common ancestor example: wings of bat, bird, and an insect FOSSIL RECORD EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION

10. EMBRYOLOGY HOMOLOGOUS & ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES SIMILARITIES IN BIOCHEMISTRY VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES were useful to ancestors, but not useful in modern organisms Ex: leg bones in whales and snakes Ex : body hair (and nipples in males), wisdom teeth, and appendix in humans FOSSIL RECORD EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION

11. VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES

12. EMBRYOLOGY HOMOLOGOUS & ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES SIMILARITIES IN BIOCHEMISTRY EMBRYOLOGY embryos of many vertebrates are similar in the development of tissues and organs results in homologous structures FOSSIL RECORD EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION

13. EMBRYOLOGY

14. EMRBYOLOGY HOMOLOGOUS & ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES SIMILARITIES IN BIOCHEMISTRY SIMILARITIES IN BIOCHEMISTRY (MACROMOLECULES) species with a common ancestor have similar RNA, DNA, and/or proteins similar amino acid sequences FOSSIL RECORD EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION

15. COEVOLUTION CONVERGENT EVOLUTION ADAPTIVE RADIATION DIVERGENT EVOLUTION COEVOLUTION change of 2 or more species in close association with each other example: predator/prey, parasite/host, or herbivore/plant PATTERNS OF EVOLUTION

16. PATTERNS OF EVOLUTION COEVOLUTION CONVERGENT EVOLUTION ADAPTIVE RADIATION DIVERGENT EVOLUTION CONVERGENT EVOLUTION results in organisms that are not closely related having similar superficial appearances which live in similar environments produces analogous structures Ex: sharks and dolphins

17. CONVERGENT EVOLUTION

18. PATTERNS OF EVOLUTION COEVOLUTION CONVERGENT EVOLUTION ADAPTIVE RADIATION DIVERGENT EVOLUTION DIVERGENT EVOLUTION two or more related populations/species become more and more dissimilar usually a response to differing habitats ADAPTIVE RADIATION DIVERGENT EVOLUTION two or more related populations/species become more and more dissimilar and share a common ancestor usually a response to differing habitats Adaptive Radiation and Galapagos finches

19. ADAPTIVE RADIATION