1. Slide 1 Evolution of Warfare Clausewitz/Jomini Major Carlos Rascon

2. Slide 2 Learning Objectives Comprehend Clausewitz’s statement that “war is nothing but a continuation of political intercourse with an admixture of other means” Comprehend Clausewitz’s statement that “war is nothing but a continuation of political intercourse with an admixture of other means” Comprehend and contrast the present day acceptance of Clausewitz’s dicta to those of Jomini’s Comprehend and contrast the present day acceptance of Clausewitz’s dicta to those of Jomini’s

3. Slide 3 Learning Objectives (cont) Know and describe the wide spectrum of the types of war which Clausewitz addressed, (e.g., People’s War) Know and describe the wide spectrum of the types of war which Clausewitz addressed, (e.g., People’s War) Comprehend the importance assigned by Clausewitz to moral force vice physical force Comprehend the importance assigned by Clausewitz to moral force vice physical force

4. Slide 4 Learning Objectives (cont) Know and describe Jomini’s contribution to the theory of war fare, especially his “discovery” of the “fundamental principles of war” Know and describe Jomini’s contribution to the theory of war fare, especially his “discovery” of the “fundamental principles of war”

5. Slide 5 Reading Assignment Preston, Roland, and Wise, Men in Arms, pp. 207-208, 238-240, 338 Preston, Roland, and Wise, Men in Arms, pp. 207-208, 238-240, 338 Weigley, The American Way of War, pp. 210- 213 Weigley, The American Way of War, pp. 210- 213 Handout: Basford, Jomini and Clausewitz: Their Interaction Handout: Basford, Jomini and Clausewitz: Their Interaction

6. Slide 6 Clausewitz/Jomini Contemporary rivals Contemporary rivals Jomini more influential at the time Jomini more influential at the time Clausewitz’s writings are the accepted standard Clausewitz’s writings are the accepted standard Video 4 min Crimson Tide Video 4 min Crimson Tide Created by Chris Bassford

7. Slide 7 Clausewitz - Background Born in 1780 Born in 1780 Joined Prussian Army as an Ensign Joined Prussian Army as an Ensign In 1806, he was wounded and taken prisoner by napoleon’s forces In 1806, he was wounded and taken prisoner by napoleon’s forces In 1812, the Russian Army In 1812, the Russian Army

8. Slide 8 Clausewitz (cont) He fought the French until Napoleon abdicated in 1814 He fought the French until Napoleon abdicated in 1814 Served at Waterloo as Chief of Staff to a Prussian Corps Commander Served at Waterloo as Chief of Staff to a Prussian Corps Commander In 1818 he was promoted to Maj Gen In 1818 he was promoted to Maj Gen Head of Prussian War Academy Head of Prussian War Academy –Administration Died of Cholera in 1830 Died of Cholera in 1830

9. Slide 9 Clausewitz “War is nothing but a continuation of political intercourse with a mixture of other means” “War is nothing but a continuation of political intercourse with a mixture of other means” “Is war not merely another kind of writing and language for political thought? It has certainly a grammar of its own, but its logic is not peculiar to itself” “Is war not merely another kind of writing and language for political thought? It has certainly a grammar of its own, but its logic is not peculiar to itself” Video (Theoretical Argument Crimson Tide) Video (Theoretical Argument Crimson Tide)

10. Slide 10 Vom Kriege (On War) Absolute war Absolute war –Similar to total war People’s war People’s war –Vietnam and Afghanistan

11. Slide 11 Primary Objectives of War To conquer and destroy the enemy’s armed forces To conquer and destroy the enemy’s armed forces To get possessions of the material elements of aggression of the enemy To get possessions of the material elements of aggression of the enemy To gain public opinion To gain public opinion

12. Slide 12 Principles The principles which should be followed to attain the objectives The principles which should be followed to attain the objectives –To employ all the forces which we can make available with the utmost energy –To concentrate our force as much as possible at the point where the decisive blows are to be struck

13. Slide 13 Principles (cont) –Not to lose time – by rapidity many measures of the enemy are nipped in the bud and public opinion is gained in our favor – surprise is the most powerful element of victory –Lastly, to follow up the success we gain with the utmost energy. The pursuit is the only means of gathering up the fruits of victory

14. Slide 14 Center of Gravity Governs the grand strategical aim of a war Governs the grand strategical aim of a war Without it the whole structure of national power will collapse Without it the whole structure of national power will collapse

15. Slide 15 Moral Force Morale is to the physical as 3 is to 1 Morale is to the physical as 3 is to 1 Courage, audacity, and self-sacrifice Courage, audacity, and self-sacrifice “Shinning blade” “Shinning blade”

16. Slide 16 Clausewitz “War is a trinity of violence, chance and reason” “War is a trinity of violence, chance and reason” “As soon, therefore, as required expenditures of force exceeds the values of the political, the objectives must be abandoned and peace will be the result” “As soon, therefore, as required expenditures of force exceeds the values of the political, the objectives must be abandoned and peace will be the result” Created by Rex Sutton

17. Slide 17 Clausewitz (cont) Remarks on Russia: Remarks on Russia: –Maintained that Russia was (is) a country which cannot be conquered by force of arms

18. Slide 18 Jomini Background Swiss, born in 1779 Swiss, born in 1779 Worked in a banking house in Paris Worked in a banking house in Paris Peace of Amiens (1801-1802) Peace of Amiens (1801-1802) –Marshal Ney Treatise on Frederick the Great Treatise on Frederick the Great

19. Slide 19 Jomini – Nature of Approach Convinced that warfare must make sense Convinced that warfare must make sense Approach was that of a scientist Approach was that of a scientist He endeavored to demonstrate that there are fundamental, unchanging principles He endeavored to demonstrate that there are fundamental, unchanging principles

20. Slide 20 Jomini - Strategic Principles Jomini’s strategic principles are merely a generalized description of Napoleon’s campaigns Jomini’s strategic principles are merely a generalized description of Napoleon’s campaigns –Bringing strategic measures, the major part of an army’s forces, successively to bear upon the decisive areas of a theater of war and as far as possible upon the enemy’s communications without compromising one’s own

21. Slide 21 Strategic Principles (cont) Maneuvering in such a manner as to engage one’s major forces against parts only of those of the enemy Maneuvering in such a manner as to engage one’s major forces against parts only of those of the enemy Furthermore, in battle, by tactical maneuvers, bringing one’s major forces to bear on the decisive area of the battlefield or on the part of the enemy’s lines which is important to overwhelm Furthermore, in battle, by tactical maneuvers, bringing one’s major forces to bear on the decisive area of the battlefield or on the part of the enemy’s lines which is important to overwhelm

22. Slide 22 Strategic Principles (cont) Arranging matters in such a fashion that these masses of men not only brought to bear at the decisive place but they be put into action speedily and together, so that they may make a simultaneous effort Arranging matters in such a fashion that these masses of men not only brought to bear at the decisive place but they be put into action speedily and together, so that they may make a simultaneous effort

23. Slide 23Jomini One might say that he (Napoleon) was sent into this world to teach generals and statesmen what they ought to avoid. His victories teach what may be accomplished by activity, boldness, and skill; his disasters what might have been avoided by prudence

24. Slide 24 Jomini – His Concepts Each military operation will take place within a definite zone of operations Each military operation will take place within a definite zone of operations –Regarded the zone of operations as a field with four sides –Two sides were occupied by opposing forces (find picture)

25. Slide 25 Jomini – His Concepts (cont) The task of the commanding General The task of the commanding General –Choose the line of operation that will be most effective in dominating three sides of the zone The enemy will be crushed, orThe enemy will be crushed, or Forced to abandon the zone of operationsForced to abandon the zone of operations

26. Slide 26 Ideal Military Force Leadership trained for political as well as military responsibilities Leadership trained for political as well as military responsibilities A high state of readiness – both personnel and material A high state of readiness – both personnel and material Continued study of military science at all levels of leadership Continued study of military science at all levels of leadership An esteemed position for the military profession An esteemed position for the military profession

27. Slide 27 Ideal (cont) Peacetime planning Peacetime planning Operational planning compatible with war aims (National Objectives) Operational planning compatible with war aims (National Objectives) Contingency planning, strategic intelligence, adequate budget Contingency planning, strategic intelligence, adequate budget

28. Slide 28 Summary Clausewitz Clausewitz –Center of gravity –Morale force Jomini Jomini – Strategic principles –Ideal Military Force

29. Slide 29 Questions