2. Survival of the fittest
EVOLUTION
“Change over time”
Natural Selection
Darwin
Survival of the fittest

3. How did the giraffe get its long neck?
Before Darwin….. Lamark stated that organisms evolve

6. Lamark’s ideas: evolution was driven by an inner “need”
acquired characteristics could be passed to the next generation
Lamarck was rejected because his mechanism by which evolution occurred was not supported by DATA

8. BUT populations tend to remain stable
Darwin
Observation #1
More offspring are produced that can possibly survive.
BUT populations tend to remain stable
AND there are limited resources

9. SO the inference is:
There is a struggle for survival between individuals of a population and not all will survive
Aphaenogaster tipuna ants fighting over food

10. Much of this variety is inherited
OBSERVATION #2
Organisms display a lot of variety in their characteristics
Much of this variety is inherited

11. Inference #2:
Those individuals whose inherited traits best fit them to their particular environment will leave more offspring

12. Inference #3:
This unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will cause a gradual change in the population
Favorable characteristics will accumulate in the population over time

13. by means of Natural Selection
Key ideas of Evolution
by means of Natural Selection
Individuals DO NOT EVOLVE. Populations evolve
Evolution is not caused by a NEED of an individual.
Surviving does not contribute to evolution alone. There also has to be reproduction
Acquired characteristics are not passed down to the next generation.
Adaptations depend on the environment

15. EVIDENCE OF
EVOLUTION

16. FOSSIL RECORD

17. Fossils provide evidence of the change of life throughout time

18. Comparative Anatomy
HOMOLOGOUS
STRUCTURES

19. Anatomical
Homologous structures: indicators of a common ancestor
Show divergent evolution

21. vestigial structures
Structures with no or little function in organism

25. Embryological homologies

26. Molecular
Homologies
Compare DNA sequences or proteins (amino acid sequences)
The more differences the longer ago the two species diverged from a common ancestor

28. Analogous structures
Evolved independently and don’t indicate close relationships

29. A) Divergent evolution  results in homologous structures
B) Convergent evolution  results in analogous structures

30. Microevolution
Generation to generation change in the frequencies of alleles in the gene pool
Causes:
natural selection
Genetic Drift: changes in allele frequencies due to chance
Gene flow immigration or emigration of individuals (and their genes)
Mutation introduces new alleles

31. blue people of troublesome creek
Examples of Genetic Drift
Natural disaster wipes out a portion of a population
Example #2
Relatively few individuals start a new population in isolation
founder effect
blue people of troublesome creek

34. Selection types
stabalizing
disruptive
directional

35. Directional Selection
Peccaries are great predators of cacti
Peccaries are great predators of cacti
= original population
= population after introduction of peccaries

36. stabilizing selection
Parasitic wasps lay eggs at the base of the spines. Hatched larva feed on the cactus

37. Disruptive
selection

38. Identify selection types acting on these organisms

39. Key idea: reproductive isolation
Biological Species
Population or group of populations that have the potential to interbreed with each other in nature and produce viable offspring
Key idea: reproductive isolation

40. Fig. 14-3

41. Fig. 14-3a
Habitat isolation

42. Fig. 14-3b
Behavioral Isolation

43. Behavioral Isolation

44. Fig. 14-3c
Mechanical Isolation

45. Fig. 14-3d
Gametic Isolation

46. Hybrids do not develop into fertile adults
Fig. 14-3e
Postzygotic Barriers
Hybrids do not develop into fertile adults

47. National Geographic http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1zOWYj59BXI

48. Speciation is the formation of a new species
Often it comes about because of some kind of geographic barrier

50. Adaptive radiation is a type of speciation

52. Phylogenetic trees

54. Which finch is most closely related t the Green warbler finch?
Cactus ground finch
Small tree finch
Medium tree finch
Woodpecker finch
Medium ground finch
Small ground finch
Large cactus ground finch
Vegetarian finch
Large tree finch
Mangrove finch
Green warbler finch
Large ground finch
Sharp-beaked ground finch
Seed eaters
Cactus flower eaters
Bud eaters
Insect eaters
Ground finches
Tree finches
Warbler finches
Is the medium ground finch more closely related to the small ground finch or to the large ground finch?
Which finch is most closely related t the Green warbler finch?

55. Beastie Activity

56. Common ancestral carnivorans
Polar bear
Asiatic black bear
American black bear
Giant panda
Brown bear
Sun bear
Sloth bear
Spectacled bear
Lesser panda
Raccoon
Pleistocene
Pliocene
Miocene
Ursidae
Procyonidae
Oligocene
Common ancestral carnivorans
Figure 15.12A

57. THE DOMAINS OF LIFE
For several decades, scientists have classified life into five kingdoms
MONERA
PROTISTA
PLANTAE
FUNGI
ANIMALIA
Earliest organisms
Figure 15.14A

58. A third domain, the Eukarya, includes all kingdoms of eukaryotes
A newer system recognizes two basically distinctive groups of prokaryotes
The domain Bacteria
The domain Archaea
A third domain, the Eukarya, includes all kingdoms of eukaryotes
BACTERIA
ARCHAEA
EUKARYA
Earliest organisms
Figure 15.14B

59. Organisms are grouped into progressively larger categories (taxons)
Table 15.10

60. CLASSIFICATION (TAXONOMY)
DOMAIN
KINGDOM
PHYLUM \
CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES (SMALLEST GROUP)

61. NAMING OF ORGANISMS BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE EX: Homo sapiens
Pan troglodytes (chimpanzee)
FIRST NAME IS GENUS NAME
SECOND NAME IS SPECIES NAME

62. 1) MONERA 2) PROTISTA 3) FUNGI 4) PLANTAE 5) ANIMALIA
5 KINGDOMS
1) MONERA
2) PROTISTA
3) FUNGI
4) PLANTAE
5) ANIMALIA

64. http://www. cliffsnotes