1. THE ONSET OF THE COLD WAR America: Past and Present Chapter 28

2. The Cold War Begins: Issues Dividing U.S., U.S.S.R. l control of postwar Europe l economic aid l nuclear disarmament

3. The Division of Europe l 1945--Russians occupy eastern Europe, American troops occupy western Europe l Soviet Union seeks eastern European buffer l U.S. demands national self-determination through free elections throughout Europe l Stalin converts eastern Europe into a system of satellite nations

4. Withholding Economic Aid l Russia devastated by World War II l Some Americans seek to influence Russia with Lend-Lease economic aid l 1945--United States halts Lend-Lease without Russian settlement l Leverage lost in shaping Soviet policy

5. The Atomic Dilemma l 1943--nuclear race between U.S., U.S.S.R. l 1946--Baruch Plan – Rapid reduction of U.S. military force – Gradual reduction favors U.S. atomic monopoly l Soviet Union – Larger conventional army than U.S. – Immediate abolition of atomic weapons

6. Containment l 1947--George C. Marshall appointed Secretary of State l Dean Acheson seeks for U.S. England's former role as arbiter of world affairs l George Kennan calls for “containment of Russia’s expansive tendencies”

7. The Truman Doctrine l 1947--Truman seeks funds to keep Greece, Turkey in western sphere of influence l Truman Doctrine: “support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressure” l Doctrine an informal declaration of cold war against the Soviet Union

8. The Marshall Plan l 1947--George Marshall proposes aid for rebuilding European industries l Russia refuses aid l 1948--Marshall Plan adopted by Congress l Plan fosters western European prosperity

9. The Western Military Alliance l 1949--North Atlantic Treaty Organization – Military alliance includes U.S., Canada, most of western Europe – U.S. troops stationed in Europe l NATO intensifies Russia's fear of the West

10. The Berlin Blockade l June, 1948--Russians blockade Berlin l Truman orders airlift to supply the city l 1949--Russians end blockade l U.S. political victory dramatizes division

11. The Cold War Expands l 1947--U.S.-Russian arms race accelerates l Conflict expands to Asia

12. The Military Dimension l 1947--National Security Act – Department of Defense unifies armed forces – Central Intelligence Agency coordinates intelligence-gathering – National Security Council advises president l Defense budget devoted to air power l 1949--first Russian atomic bomb explodes, U.S. begins hydrogen bomb development

13. The Cold War in Asia l 1945--U.S. consolidates hold on Japan, former Japanese possessions in Pacific l 1949--victory of Mao Tse-tung brings China into Soviet orbit l Truman refuses recognition of Communist China, begins building up Japan

14. The Korean War l June, 1950--Communist North Korean forces invade U.S.-influenced South Korea l Truman makes South Korea’s defense a U.N. effort, sends in U.S. troops – U.S. routs Korean forces in South – Attempt to unify Korea draws in China – U.S. pushed back to South, war a stalemate l Result--massive American rearmament

15. National Defense Outlays, 1945-1960

16. The Cold War at Home l New Deal economic policies undermined l Fears of Communist subversion l Republicans use anticommunism to revive their party

17. Truman's Troubles l Obstacles to Truman’s Fair Deal reforms – Apathetic public – Inflation – Labor unrest l 1946--Republicans win Congress

18. Truman Vindicated l 1948--Thomas Dewey versus Truman – Truman thought unelectable – Southern Democrats, Northern liberals desert – Roosevelt coalition reelects Truman on domestic issues l Republicans respond by challenging Truman’s handling of the Cold War

19. The Loyalty Issue l Fear of Communist subversion l Truman administration conducts campaign against “subversives” l Democrats blamed for – "losing" China to Communism – Russia's development of a hydrogen bomb

20. McCarthyism in Action l 1950--Senator Joseph McCarthy launches anticommunist campaign l Innocent overwhelmed by accusations l Attacks on privileged bureaucrats – supported by Midwest Republicans – attract Irish, Italian, Polish workers to Republicans l 1954--attack on Army discredits McCarthy

21. The Republicans in Power l 1952--Eisenhower captures White House for Republican Party l July 27, 1953--stalemate accepted in Korea l Eisenhower deals passively with McCarthy l December, 1954--McCarthy censured

22. Eisenhower Wages the Cold War l Eisenhower relaxes tensions with Russia l Eisenhower’s fears – Debt imposed by defense spending – Possibility of atomic warfare

23. Entanglement in Indochina l Eisenhower refuses military aid for French retention of colonial Indochina l Victory of Communist Ho Chi Minh prompts intervention to prevent election l Vietnam divided l South Vietnam under U.S. puppet regime

24. Containing China l Tough line against China l Drive wedge between China, Russia l Strategy ultimately works l Effects not immediately apparent

25. Turmoil in the Middle East l 1956--Nasser nationalizes Suez Canal l France, England invade Egypt l Eisenhower wins Middle East trust by pressuring English, French withdrawal l 1958--Lebanon invites U.S. troops to maintain order

26. Covert Actions l Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) used to achieve covert objectives l Iran--CIA restores the shah to power l Guatemala--CIA ousts leftist government l Cuba--CIA attempts assassination of Castro

27. Waging Peace l October, 1957--Russians launch Sputnik l March, 1958--Nikita Khrushchev elected Soviet premier l October--U.S., U.S.S.R. agree to suspend nuclear testing in the atmosphere l November--Berlin blockade threatened l May, 1960--U-2 incident

28. Ongoing Tensions l January, 1961--Eisenhower warns against growing military-industrial complex l Post-war era marked by Cold War rather than peace and tranquility