2. Spontaneous Generation – living things could come from nonliving things
Biogenesis – all living things come from other living things

3. Francesco Redi – questioned the belief that flies were generated spontaneously from rotting meat
Observation
Tiny wormlike maggots turned into sturdy oval cases, from which flies eventually emerge
Experimental Group – jars with nets over them that contained meat inside
Netting allowed air to enter but not flies
Control Group – uncovered jars with meat inside
Result – maggots swarmed over the meat in the open jars while the experimental remained maggot free

4. Control
Experimental A:
Independent Variable - cork
Experimental B:
Independent Variable - net

5. Spallanzani
Hypothesis – microorganisms form not from air but from other microorganisms
Experiment – boiled broth in a flask to kill all microorganisms in it
Experimental Group – boiled then sealed flask
Control Group – boiled then left open
Result – sealed flask remained clear and free of microorganisms; open flasks became cloudy
*Disagreed – heated the flasks too long, killing the
“vital force” in the air inside the flask

6. Louis Pasteur – Made a goose-neck flask that prevented solid particles from entering but allowed air
– remained clear for up to a year – he broke the neck off & the broth became cloudy

7. Fossil – trace of a long dead organism
Found in sedimentary rock – deposited by wind & water
Develop from hard body parts
Overtime hard minerals replace the tissue leaving rocklike structures
Mold – imprint in the rock in the shape of the organism
Cast – mold has been filled with hard minerals making a rocklike model

8. Distribution of Fossils
Law of Superposition – successive layers of rock or soil were deposited on top of one another by wind or water
Lowest stratum (rock layer) is the oldest
Relative age – using law of superposition to figure out the age of one fossil compared to another

9. Early scientists proposed ideas about evolution.
Evolution is biological change over time
A species is a group of organisms that can reproduce and have fertile offspring.

10. 10.2 Darwin’s Observations
There were many important naturalists in the 18th century.
Naturalist – collect specimens and keep careful records of observations
Lamarck: Similar species descended from a common ancestor
Acquired Trait – trait not determined by genes but by experience or behavior
Believed acquired traits could be passed down

11. 10.2 Darwin’s Observations
Charles Darwin
H.M.S. Beagle
5-year mapping and collecting expedition to South America and South Pacific

13. 10.2 Darwin’s Observations
Variation is a difference in a physical trait.
Galápagos tortoises that live in areas with tall plants have long necks and legs.
Galápagos finches that live in areas with hard-shelled nuts have strong beaks.

14. 10.2 Darwin’s Observations
An adaptation is a feature that allow an organism to better survive in its environment.
Adaptations can lead to genetic change in a population.
The change in genetic makeup of the population is evolution

15. 10.2 Darwin’s Observations
Darwin’s Theories
Descent with Modification – newer forms appearing in the fossil record are actually the modified descendants of older species
Natural Selection – Organisms with favorable traits survive, reproduce, and pass the variations to the next generation

16. 10.3 Theory of Natural Selection
10.4 Evidence of Evolution
10.3 Theory of Natural Selection
Artificial selection is the process by which humans select traits through breeding.
neck feathers
crop
tail feathers

17. 10.3 Theory of Natural Selection
10.4 Evidence of Evolution
10.3 Theory of Natural Selection
The study of geography provides evidence of evolution.
island species most closely resemble nearest mainland species
populations can show variation from one island to another
Biogeography - Study of the distribution of organisms around the world.

18. 10.3 Theory of Natural Selection 10.4 Evidence of Evolution
Embryology provides evidence of evolution.
identical larvae, different adult body forms
Similarites in Biochemistry: DNA, RNA, ATP. Etc
Embryos of Vertebrates and gill slits?
Larva
Adult barnacle
Adult crab

20. 10.3 Theory of Natural Selection 10.4 Evidence of Evolution
Anatomy provides evidence of evolution.
Homologous structures are similar in structure but different in function.
Human hand
Bat wing
Mole foot

21. 10.3 Theory of Natural Selection 10.4 Evidence of Evolution
The study of anatomy provides evidence of evolution.
Analogous structures –similar function but different structure
Human hand
Bat wing
Mole foot
Fly wing

22. 10.4 Evidence of Evolution
10.3 Theory of Natural Selection
Vestigial structures are remnants of organs or structures that had a function in an early ancestor.
Ostrich wings are examples of vestigial structures.

23. 10.4 Evidence of Evolution
Vestigial Structures

24. 11.2 Natural Selection in Populations
Natural selection can change the distribution of a trait in one of three ways.
Normal Distribution – Frequency is highest near the mean value (average) and decreases toward each extreme end of the range.

25. 11.2 Natural Selection in Populations
10.3 Theory of Natural Selection
Stabilizing selection favors the intermediate (average) phenotype rather than either extremes.

26. 11.2 Natural Selection in Populations
10.3 Theory of Natural Selection
Directional selection favors phenotypes at one extreme.

27. 11.2 Natural Selection in Populations
10.3 Theory of Natural Selection
Disruptive selection favors both extreme phenotypes.

28. 11.6 Patterns in Evolution
10.3 Theory of Natural Selection
Convergent evolution – Evolution toward similar characteristics in unrelated species.
Different species must adapt to similar environments.
Ex: Aquatic organisms

29. 10.3 Theory of Natural Selection
11.6 Patterns in Evolution
10.3 Theory of Natural Selection
Divergent evolution – 2 or more related populations become more dissimilar.
Response to differing habitats
How do convergent and divergent evolution illustrate the directional nature of natural selection?
ancestor
red fox
kit fox

30. 11.6 Patterns in Evolution
10.3 Theory of Natural Selection
Coevolution – change of 2 or more species in close association with each
occur in beneficial and competitive relationships.

31. Species can become extinct.
11.6 Patterns in Evolution
10.3 Theory of Natural Selection
Species can become extinct.
Extinction is the elimination of a species from Earth.

32. 11.6 Patterns in Evolution
10.3 Theory of Natural Selection
Mass extinctions are rare but much more intense.
destroy many species at global level
thought to be caused by catastrophic events
at least five mass extinctions in last 600 million years

33. 11.6 Patterns in Evolution
10.4 Evidence of Evolution
Adaptive radiation – The diversification of one ancestral species into many species.
descendent species usually adapted to wide range of environments

34. Punctuated Equilibrium
A repeating pattern in the history of life
reflected in the fossil record
shows bursts of evolutionary activity that are followed by long periods of stability.