2. Catherine the Great To successfully lead a developing country to become a industrialized global power. Experience - German Princess - Married Grand Duke Peter of Holstein, grandson of Peter the Great - Gained Russian throne from husband -Empress of all of Russia Achievements - Expanded Russian borders to Black Sea to gain warm water port. - Modernized and Westernized Russia - Promoted enlightenment and education - Improved agriculture by importing technology from England - Built and repaired Russian Infrastructure - Promoted manufacturing businesses and mining operations to improve Russian economy - Set up hospitals to vaccinate Russian citizens References Grigory Aleksandrovich Potemkin – helped bring Catherine to power, Russian army officer and statesman; powerful Russian leader under Catherine. Empress Elizabeth – Catherine’s mother-in-law who helped bring Catherine to power

3. Factors affecting Europe The Renaissance The Protestant Reformation The Scientific Revolution The Enlightenment Exploration and Expansion The New World The Commercial Revolution Development of the nation-state

4. Changes and Continuities Changes Highly centralized empires Movement away from religion (secularism) Overseas (maritime) empires Growth of bourgeosie challenging nobility Increasing private investment (joint- stock companies) Vernacular(local language) increases literacy Cartography improves Constitutionalism (Dutch/English) New foodstuffs introduced from Columbian exchange enhances diet Religious wars and intolerance (1/3 of Europe dies in 30yrs war) Most populations still rural Christianity still most important religion Most society still illiterate Feudalism still exists (although less so) Europe still behind Asia in trade Patriarchy persists (especially amongst nobility) Nobility (aristocracy) still powerful War persists (from 100 yrs to 30 yr) although now new weaponry (gunpowder) leads to higher casualty rates Serfdom remains a coercive labor force

6. Spain Union of Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon Reconquista (1492)- fall of Grenada Charles V - Holy Roman Emperor The lands of the Hapsburg emperor, Charles V

7. Spain Philip II - “The Most Catholic King” New World wealth Religious wars: Thirty Years War, Lepanto, Spanish Netherlands, Spanish Armada Spanish Inquisition Decline- weak rulers, bankruptcy, decline in military power

10. France Hundred Years War – consolidation of lands War within France – Huguenots Edict of Nantes 1598 Thirty Years War – Treaty of Westphalia 1648 Cardinal Richelieu and Mazzarin – development of the French state

11. France Louis XIV – The “Sun King” “L’etat c’es moi” Absolutism – rule by divine right The Court at Versailles The Estates General – the Three Estates Colonies Louis XIV

12. The Third Estate The Commoners The First Estate The Clergy The Second Estate The Nobility

14. England Henry VIII – Reformation “Bloody Mary” Elizabeth I – Consolidation of Protestantism England as a nation- state Elizabeth I

15. England The Stuarts James I – Catholicism versus Protestantism / Monarch versus parliament Charles I Execution of Charles I

16. England The English Civil War (Revolution?) Oliver Cromwell Roundheads versus Cavaliers New Model Army Ireland & Scotland conquered The Commonwealth Oliver Cromwell

17. Britain The Restoration of Charles II James II – Religious issues 1688 - “The Glorious Revolution” William and Mary Queen Anne The House of Hanover Impact on Colonies Charles II

18. The Cross of St. Andrew - Scotland The Cross of St. George - England The Cross of St. Patrick - Ireland = The Union Jack Act Of Union 1707

19. Kiev – established by Vikings Strong Byzantine influences Conquered by Mongols in late 1230’s Princes of Muscovy worked with Mongols to gain power Ivan III (the Great) stopped tribute to Mongols in 1480

20. Ivan III absorbed independent Novgorod (tied to Poland-Lithuania) into new state To settle new territories, Ivan III used free peasant pioneers (Cossacks) Cossacks played large role in the expansion of Russia Focus of expansion was to the east - Furs

21. Peter the Great  Peter developed fascination for Western technology  Took throne in 1689  Established a policy of rapid and forced modernization and Westernization  Copied many aspects of Western military  Peter developed fascination for Western technology  Took throne in 1689  Established a policy of rapid and forced modernization and Westernization  Copied many aspects of Western military Peter the Great

22.  Established the “Table of Ranks,” permitting nobles to move ahead based on merit  Abolished the Terem, the Russian equivalent of the harem  Encouraged the mixing of the sexes in towns and cities  1703 - built new capital on the Baltic Sea, St. Petersburg  abolished the “Table of Ranks,” permitting nobles to move ahead based on merit  Abolished the Terem, the Russian equivalent of the harem  Encouraged the mixing of the sexes in towns and cities  1703 - built new capital on the Baltic Sea, St. Petersburg

23. Russia and the West  Peter adopted only that which did not interfere with the autocratic state  Westernization caused hostility on part of the populace  Russia would continue love-hate relationship with the West Russia and the West  Peter adopted only that which did not interfere with the autocratic state  Westernization caused hostility on part of the populace  Russia would continue love-hate relationship with the West

24. Catherine the Great  Married Peter III  Peter murdered – Catherine the Great  Married Peter III  Peter murdered – Catherine succeeded to throne as Catherine II (1762 – 1796)  Ruled with support of nobility and military  Selective Westernization – interested in the Enlightenment  Catherine succeeded to throne as Catherine II (1762 – 1796)  Ruled with support of nobility and military  Selective Westernization – interested in the Enlightenment Catherine II (the Great)

25.  Continued expansion of Russia into the Crimea and Siberia  Partitioned Poland – Poland not free again until 1918  Absorbed large Jewish population  Enacted harsh policies on treatment of serfs  Continued expansion of Russia into the Crimea and Siberia  Partitioned Poland – Poland not free again until 1918  Absorbed large Jewish population  Enacted harsh policies on treatment of serfs

26. Russian Expansion 1700 to 1741

28. The Netherlands Freedom from Spain (map)map Dutch Republic de facto 1609 Strong naval traditions Tradition for tolerance VOC – Dutch East India Company The Spice Trade Colonies

29. The Holy Roman Empire Hapsburgs – lands divided by Emperor Charles V Core – Austria (Hungary added) German states lost after Thirty Years War Ottoman pressures Weakly bound nation- state

30. Italy City-states Center of Renaissance Decline in power and influence after late 1400’s as trade shifts from Mediterranean to Atlantic and Asia

31. Portugal Early success in exploration Early domination of spice and slave trade Too weak to fend off competing European states (England & Dutch) Gradual decline

32. The German States Origin of Lutheranism Treaty of Westphalia – Freedom Emergence of Prussia  Militaristic state – Europe’s fourth largest army  Frederick I (Frederick the Great) – Prussia dominant German state

34. European Wars Competition for territory, resources, and markets Balance of power – guiding philosophy War of the Austrian Succession – First World War? Seven Years War – aka French & Indian War Maria Theresa