1. AP Biology Exam Review
Evolution

2. Evidence Paleontology Biogeography Embryology comparative anatomy
homologous structures
analogous structures
vestigial structures
molecular biology
artificial selection

3. Natural Selection over-production inherited variation Competition
Adaptations
Fitness
survival of the fittest
Eaccumulation of advantageous traits

4. stabilizing selection, directional selection, disruptive selection, sexual selection

5. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
• genetic equilibrium
• infinitely large population
• no natural selection
• no mutations
• no gene flow (no migration)
• random mating
• frequency of alleles: p + q = 1
• frequency of genotypes or individuals: p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 •

6. non-equilibrium • genetic drift: founder effect, bottleneck
• natural selection, gene flow, mutation, non-random mating, sexual selection

7. Speciation
• adaptive radiation - the evolution of ecological and phenotypic diversity within a rapidly multiplying lineage.[1] Starting with a recent single ancestor, this process results in the speciation and phenotypic adaptation of an array of species exhibiting different morphological and physiological traits with which they can exploit a range of divergent environments.

8. Speciation allopatric: geographic isolation
sympatric: reproductive isolation

9. Prezygotic Isolation Factors which prevent individuals from mating.
Geographic isolation: Species occur in different areas, and are often separated by barriers.
Temporal isolation: Individuals do not mate because they are active at different times. This may be different times of the day or different seasons. The species mating periods may not match up. Individuals do not encounter one another during either their mating periods, or at all.
Ecological isolation: Individuals only mate in their preferred habitat. They do not encounter individuals of other species with different ecological preferences.
Behavioral isolation: Individuals of different species may meet, but one does not recognize any sexual cues that may be given. An individual chooses a member of its own species in most cases.
Mechanical isolation: Copulation may be attempted but transfer of sperm does not take place. The individuals may be incompatible due to size or morphology.
Gametic incompatibility: Sperm transfer takes place, but the egg is not fertilized.

10. Postzygotic Isolation
Genomic incompatibility, hybrid inviability or sterility.
Zygotic mortality: The egg is fertilized, but the zygote does not develop.
Hybrid inviability: Hybrid embryo forms, but is not viable.
Hybrid sterility: Hybrid is viable, but the resulting adult is sterile.
Hybrid breakdown: First generation (F1) hybrids are viable and fertile, but further hybrid generations

11. Patterns of Evolution
• divergent evolution - the accumulation of differences between groups which can lead to the formation of new species
• convergent evolution - describes the acquisition of the same biological trait in unrelated lineages.
These two succulent plant genera, Euphorbia and Astrophytum, are only distantly related, but have independently converged on a very similar body form

12. analogous structures -
• parallel evolution
• coevolution

13. macroevolution: gradualism vs, punctuated equilibrium

14. Origin of Life • earth & atmosphere formed: low or no O2
• complex molecules in primordial seas, monomers, polymers
• organic molecules & early cells formed
• heterotrophic prokaryotes
• autotrophic prokaryotes: O2 & ozone layer formed
• eukaryotes formed, endosymbiotic theory
• mitochondria & chloroplasts have own DNA, reproduce independently (~binary
fission), have ribosomes similar to bacteria & cyanobacteria