1. World War I A New Kind of War
Chapter 26 section 2

2. Charlie Chaplin

5. Schlieffen Plan Germany’s plan to avoid a two front war
First phase was to invade France through Neutral Belgium.
Quickly Defeat France before Russia could mobilize

6. By violating the neutrality agreement signed between Belgium & Germany, England declared war on August 4th.
This became known as the “Rape of Belgium”
With Great Britain entering the war on the side of the Allies, Germany was now forced to fight the two front war they had been trying to avoid.
The War becomes a stalemate

8. Nations take Sides
By mid-August 1914, two sides at war throughout Europe
Central Powers—Germany, Austria-Hungary (and other nations)
Allies—Britain, France, Russia (and other nations)

10. Invasion of France
The German army quickly advances towards the outskirts of Paris
Early Sept., Taxies are rushed back and forth to the front lines moving the troops

12. First Battle of the Marne September 5 – 12, 1914
French Soldiers during the battle

13. German soldiers during the 1st Battle of the Marne

14. The French and the British troops are able to hold the Germans at the Marne River
This battle ended Germany’s hope for a quick victory
Both sides will begin to dig deep trenches in order to protect their armies
Battle lines will barely change over the next four years

15. Western Front as of 1916

17. War in the Trenches
Two systems of trenches stretched hundreds of miles, western Europe
Millions of Allied and Central Powers soldiers in trenches of Western Front
Battles result in many deaths, small land gains

19. Frontline trench, observer. French serviceman at work in the trenches
Frontline trench, observer. French serviceman at work in the trenches. Woods of Hirtzbach. (Haut-Rhin. France. June 16th, 1917).
Although color photography was around prior to 1903, the Lumière brothers, Auguste and Louis, patented the process in 1903 and developed the first color film in 1907.  The French army was the primary source of color photos during the course of World War One.

20. Frontline trenches. Group of French servicemen, "Poilus",  in front of the entrance of a cote. Woods of Hirtzbach. (Haut-Rhin. France. June 16th, 1917). From David Latapie (merci beaucoup!) "Poilus" (hairy) is the nickname to French WWI soldiers, since they could not afford the luxury of regular shaving. It is a  term of affection, especially now.

21. Life in trenches is miserable, difficult,
- Rain produced deep puddles,
mud
- Lice, rats, bad sanitation
constant problems
- Removing dead bodies often
impossible

25. Over the Top Soldiers ordered out of trenches to attack enemy
Sprinting across area known as “no-man’s-land” a deadly game
Thousands on both sides died, cut down by enemy guns

28. Trench by front line, observation post. Seen through barbed wires
Trench by front line, observation post. Seen through barbed wires. In the foreground, sandbags are seen. Wood of Hirtzbach. (Haut-Rhin. France. June 16th, 1917).

29. New Weapons
New technology led to greater numbers being killed more effectively
Neither side able to make significant advances on enemy’s trenches
Each side turned to new weapons like poison gas

30. Poison Gas First used by the Germans, but eventually used by all.
There were different types of gas. Some caused blindness, severe blisters, or death by choking
Value limited, must be careful of the wind
both sides developed gas masks

33. Additional Weapons
Rapid-fire machine guns in wide use
Artillery and high-explosive shells, enormous destructive power

35. Bucy-le-Long, section of gunners, 4 soldiers in ruins, pulling
Bucy-le-Long, section of gunners, 4 soldiers in ruins, pulling. Bucy-le-Long, district of Soissons. (Soissons. Aisne. France. 1917).

36. Artillery piece of the 320th. Artillery piece,"Cyclone ",
and its escort on rail, registered ALPG P Hogstade.
(Belgium September 5th, 1917).

38. Tanks
Tanks pioneered by British and first used in 1916, in the Battle of the Somme
Could cross rough battlefield terrain (no man lands)
But Reliability was a problem

42. Aircraft Aircraft most useful
At beginning of war, mostly for observation
1915 Zeppelins were used to bomb the coast of England
Soon had machine guns, bombs attached
Faster airplanes useful in attacking cities, battlefields

43. Zeppelins

45. Airplanes
                                                                                       

47. Nieuport biplane on the ground.  (Soissons. Aisne. France.  1917).

48. Germany’s Red Barron: Manfred von Richthofen
Is credit for 80 “kills” against the Allies pilots

49. US top ace, Eddie Rickenbacker, with 26 victories. He survived the war.

51. A Sopwith Camel rising from the flight deck of a lighter towed into the wind at top speed by a destroyer. This was the method used by Lt. S.D.Culley to take off when he shot down a Zeppelin off the borkum Riff lightship on 11th August 1918.

52. Submarines

53. AKA U-boats from the German word Unterseeboot
First used by the Germans in 1914
Primary weapons were the torpedoes
Allies ships were forced to travel in convoys to protect the merchant ships transporting supplies from the U.S. to Europe.

54. http://faculty. umf. maine

56. The Eastern Front
Eastern battles were fought between the Russians and Serbs against the AH and Germans along the German-Russian Border
The line was more mobile than in the west, because trenches were used very little
It was just as deadly, slaughter and stalemate were just as common.

57. Battle of Tannenberg
First battle on the Eastern Front, August 26-30, 1914
The Russians are defeated after invading E. Prussia
Out of 150,000 men only 10,000 escaped, 92,000 were taken Prisoner
The Germans lost 20,000 men
News of the defeat is kept out of the press.

61. Russia Struggles
Russia’s war effort was suffering by 1916, many casualties, few supplies, due to slow industrialization
Huge size of Russian army keeps it a formidable force
Most importantly they prevent Germany from sending more troops to the Western Front

62. Southern Europe & Balkans
In 1915, Bulgaria joined the Central Powers against rival Serbia
Romania joined the Allies to gain land in Hungary
Italy joined the Allies to gain land in Austria, by a secret treaty.

64. War around the World
Japan joined the Allies as an excuse to capture German outpost in China and the Pacific
Allies take control of remaining German holdings in Asia, Africa
Britain and France use their colonial subjects to help in war effort

65. Ottoman Empire
Because of its strategic location they were a desirable ally
IF they had sided with the Allies, the Central Powers would have been completely encircled.
Late October 1914, the Turks joined the Central powers

68. The Gallipoli Campaign

69. Cutting off crucial Allied supply line to Russia
Cutting off crucial Allied supply line to Russia. Through the Dardanelles between the Mediterranean and Black Sea.
Allies sent British, Indian, Australian and New Zealander troops to capture Ottoman Dardanelles strait in February 1915
They battled for 10 months, defeated, they are out in January 1916, after losing 200,000 + troops

71. Armenians Crisis
A ethnic group living in the Caucasus Mountains, part of them lived in Russia the rest in the Ottoman Empire
As Christians they were a minority, and did not have the same rights as Muslims
Some Turkish Armenians joined the Russians.

72. The Ottomans used this as a reason to deport the entire population to Syria and Mesopotamia
During this time period 600,000 to 1.5 million died
Many were killed by planned massacres; others were starved by marching with no food (Genocide)
Others immigrated to other countries, Leaving none in their native lands

78. 3rd Front for the Ottomans
1916, in the Middle East, Arab nationalist revolted, led by Husayn ibn Ali
The raids are successful and the Ottomans lose territory and eventually Baghdad

79. Lawrence of Arabia
British Colonel T.E. Lawrence sent to support the Arab revolt
Lead guerrilla raids against the Turks