2. Allegory  Characters, setting, and events make sense on the literal level, but are designed to represent OTHER characters, setting, and events.  Hans Christian Andersen’s The Ugly Duckling tells the story of the author’s life.  The Wizard of Oz was supposed to persuade people to switch from the gold standard to the silver standard.

3. Utopia  The perfect place  Look at the character Benjamin to understand Orwell’s views on utopias

4. Russian Society  At the beginning of the 20 th century, Europe and America were evolving into capitalistic, industrial states; Russia remained “backward” in an agrarian economy under the absolute authority of the Tsar/Czar.  Russia was in an appalling state of poverty while the Czar lived in luxury. There was tremendous dissatisfaction.  Tiny minority controlled most of the wealth, while the majority of people were impoverished and oppressed.

5. Communism  Arose in Russia when the nation’s workers and peasants rebelled against the wealthy and powerful capitalists and aristocrats  Hoped to establish a socialist utopia based on the principles of political philosopher Karl Marx  Opposed to the capitalist idea of “free market”

6. Karl Marx: Father of Communism  Marx believed that the private ownership of land must be abolished; opposed to capitalism  Believed in “Communal” way of life where everyone shares in prosperity  Invented Communism  Communist Manifesto  “Workers of the world unite”—take over government; overthrown capitalism  Died before the Russian Revolution

7. Communism  All people are equal  Government owns everything; people own government  The Communist Internationale—official song of the communist party  “Dictatorship of the Proletariat”  Bourgeoisie—Middle Class; skilled workers  Proletariat—Unskilled labor class

8. Czar Nicholas II  Monarch of Russia, a poor leader at best  Cruel—sometimes brutal with opponents  Sometimes kind—hired students as spies to make money  Believed he was the unquestionable leader of Russia appointed by God  Had unarmed protesters murdered in the streets in 1905

9. The Revolution of 1917  Great unrest among the people against the Czar  Revolutionaries overthrew the Czar  “Bolsheviks” (led by Lenin) took control of the Russian government  Nicholas II forced to abdicate the throne that his family had held for three centuries

10. Vladimir Lenin  Inspired by Marx  Immediately seized power in the name of the Communist Party (1917)  Lenin adopted Marx’s ideas; took land and industry from private control and put them under government supervision.  He believed the bourgeoisie (middle class) exploited the workers and must, therefore, be overthrown.  Understood the emotional impact of simple, powerful slogans like “Workers of the world unite.”

11. Lenin  Changed Russia’s name to the USSR  Lenin was the leader and Trotsky was his top military man  It is believed Lenin ordered Nicholas II murdered.

12. Leon Trotsky  One of the leaders of “October Revolution” along with Lenin and Stalin  Believed in “pure” communism; followed Marx; idealist  Brilliant speaker, popular, charismatic leader; famous for impassioned speeches  Wanted to improve life for all in Russia

13. Joseph Stalin  Average speaker, not educated like Trotsky  Taciturn, gruff, lower-class; preferred to consolidate power behind the scenes  Quiet, brooding; excellent at organization  Didn’t exactly follow Marx’s ideas  Craved power, willing to kill for it

14. Civil War  From 1918-1921, there was Civil War  Reds (Communists) vs. Whites (foreign countries; sympathetic to the Czar, tried to expel the Reds)  Some “white Russians” who opposed the revolution themselves  Foreign countries (Britain, France, Poland, and USA) were alarmed at the spread of communism but the Red Army led by Trotsky proved successful.  Reds won.

15. Power Struggle  While Lenin and Trotsky concentrated on the War, Stalin began to take over the machinery of the Communist Party.  Used Trotsky’s enemies to form alliance that would serve him in the future  Lenin became fatally ill and died

16. Stalin  Took power when Lenin died in 1924  Benefitted from the fact that education was controlled  Ridiculed Trotsky’s ideas  Secured his power base and engineered the permanent exile of Trotsky in 1929  The exiled Trotsky was still very useful to Stalin as he now had Trotsky to blame for all the problems and difficulties that Russia suffered

17. Scapegoat  Trotsky became a national enemy  Used to conjure horrifying images  Current misery paled in comparison to “life with Trotsky”

18. Stalin  After exiling Trotsky, Stalin began to consolidate his power with intensity  Assumed a complete, totalitarian control  Killed or imprisoned perceived political enemies  Oversaw the purge of approximately 20 million Soviet Citizens (Stalin’s Purge)  Held “show trials”; outcomes had already been decided  Had his opponents denounced as Trotskyists or anti- Stalinist; immediately executed

19. Propaganda Department of Stalin’s Government  Pravda—Soviet propaganda newspaper  Worked for Stalin to support his image Lied to convince the people to follow Stalin  Began to voice economic ideas similar to those of Trotsky, but no one had the courage to say so  Mayakovsky-official poet of the government

20. KGB  Secret police during Stalin’s dictatorship  Not really police, but forced all to support Stalin  Often killed entire families for disobedience  Totally loyal, part of Stalin’s power

21. Politburo  Policy-making body of the Communist party’s Central Committee  In reality it was merely a force to carry out Stalin’s orders and secure his positions as dictator

22. Religion  Marx said religion was the “opiate of the people” and a lie  Used to make people not complain and do their work  Stalin knew religion would stop violent revolutions

23. Supporters  People believed Stalin because he was “Communist”  Many stayed loyal after it was obvious Stalin was a tyrant  Betrayed by Stalin who ignored and killed them

24. 5 Year Plans  From 1927-1932, new economic plans, called the five year plans, were introduced.  The purpose was to improve industry.  Soviet farmers were to join “collective” farms  Much of the food had to be sent to the government  Any who opposed to his plan were executed  Plans ultimately failed

25. Russian Revolution  Supposed to fix problems from Czar  Life was even worse long after revolution  Stalin made Czar look like a nice guy

26. Germany and Great Britain  Stalin negotiated with both Germany and Great Britain  The Russo-German pact of August 1939 allowed Russia to occupy eastern Poland while Germany occupied the rest.

27. Germany and Great Britain  On June 22, 1941, Germany (Hitler) attacked her ally Russia without warning.  The alliance between Nazism and Communism fell apart and Russia formed an alliance with Britain and the USA.  Because of all the purges order by Stalin, the Nazis almost conquered the USSR.

28. Cold War  Tehran Conference in 1943 presented the Soviet Union, Great Britain, and America as allies.  By the end of WWII, the Soviet Union became an enemy of its allies as the Cold War intensified.