1. Chapter 14 Blood

2. Functions Transportation –Food and oxygen to cells –Waste from cells –Hormones –Heat from the core to the surface

3. Blood Characteristics Plasma = fluid portion of blood. –55% of the blood’s volume –90% water, 8% proteins, and 2% acids and salts. Blood Cells: –Erythrocytes – red blood cells (rbc) (99%) –Leukocytes – white blood cells (.2%) –Thrombocytes – platelets (.6 – 1%)

4. Blood Characteristics Continued Blood volume –Varies with age, body type, and sex –Body Fat decrease in body fat = increase blood volume. More oxygen to cells = increase energy –About 10-12 pints of blood

5. Blood Cells Erythrocytes (Red blood cells) –Appearance No nucleus or organelles Concave shape (donut) Large surface area to carry oxygen Great elasticity –Abnormalities Sickle cells – crescent shaped RBC’s –Hemoglobin – molecule in RBC Contains 4 iron atoms – which allows oxygen to bind Men carry more than women Color of blood depends on hemoglobin content

6. Blood Cells Continued Erythrocytes –Anemia – the state of having a deficiency of hemoglobin content in RBC’s –Blood doping – increases RBC’s = increase in hemoglobin = more oxygen to cells –Formation of RBC’s – Erythoropoiesis Mature in red bone marrow Contain reticulocytes – help doctors diagnose how much blood is being made –Destruction of RBC’s Live 3-4 months Cells lining blood vessels phagocytose RBC’s Iron is recycled in the liver Bilirubin is formed = yellow pigment When bilirubin accumulates in liver - jaundice

7. Homeostatic Mechanism – Keeps RBC’s Constant Normal Red Blood Count Some Factor (Car Wreck) Tissue Hypoxia Increased secretion of erythroprotein by kidney and liver Decreased # of RBC’s Hormone Increased erythropoiesis (rbc production) by red bone marrow Increased # of RBC’s Tends to restore

8. Blood Cells Continued Leukocytes (White blood cells) –Appearance Five types in body – lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and basophils –Function Fight infection Phagocytosis – ingest and digest microbes –Formation In red bone marrow or lymphatic tissue Life span not known (3-12 days or 3-6 months)

9. Blood Cells Continued Platelets –Appearance Colorless, irregular spindles or oval disks –Function Hemostasis – stopping of blood flow to area Clotting – plugging up ruptured vessels –Formation In red bone marrow, lungs, and spleen About a 10 day life span

11. Blood Types A person’s blood type depends on the type of antigen on the RBC membrane –Type A – antigen A on RBC –Type B – antigen B on RBC –Type AB – antigen A and B on RBC (universal recipient) –Type O – no antigen A or B on RBC (universal donor) –Rh-factor = Rh antigen on RBC Rh-positive = Rh antigen present Rh-negative = Rh antigen not present

12. A type of protein

13. Blood Types Continued Antigen – stimulates the formation of antibodies (identify and neutralize foreign objects) that combine with antigen to clump cells. It is a type of protein found on the membranes of red blood cells. –Danger in blood transfusions –Plasma never contains antibodies against the antigen present on RBC’s

16. Blood Types Continued Anti-Rh antibodies –No blood usually contains this antibody –Can show up in blood of an Rh-negative type comes into contact with an Rh-positive type Transfusions Pregnant women with Rh-negative blood –Fetus is Rh-positive (gene from dad) –Blood mixes at birth – mother’s body makes anti-Rh antibodies (no harm to mother) –During the 2 nd pregnancy the antibodies could attack the fetus and destroy = erythroblastosis fetalis

17. Blood Types Continued

18. Anti-Rh antibodies –No blood usually contains this antibody –Can show up in blood of an Rh-negative type comes into contact with an Rh-positive type Transfusions Pregnant women with Rh-negative blood –Fetus is Rh-positive (gene from dad) –Blood mixes at birth – mother ’ s body makes anti-Rh antibodies (no harm to mother) –During the 2 nd pregnancy the antibodies could attack the fetus and destroy = erythroblastosis fetalis

19. Blood Coagulation Mechanism –Vessel is cut –Bleeding occurs –Platelets aggregate at the site of injury –Formation of a chemical with chemical fibrinogen –Insoluble fibrin is made and tangles with RBC which forms the clot –RBC’s give scab a red/brown color

20. Blood Coagulation Continued Opposition of Clotting Mechanism –Smooth surface of blood vessel –Antithrombins – heparin No thrombin made – no clot

21. Blood Coagulation Continued Factors that Hasten Clotting –Rough spot on blood vessel lining –Slow blood flow to area – atherosclerosis Bed patients must be moved frequently –Clots seem to grow once started –Clinical method Apply gauze – rough surface Heat massage

22. http://waynesword.palomar.edu/aniblood.htm Blood Typing http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP14804

23. Blood Transfusion Game http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/bloodtypinggame/index.html