1. Digestive System Ingestion Processing Absorption Elimination

2. Ingestion Primitive chordates were filter feeders. Jaw development allowed more aggressive methods of feeding However, some of the largest mammals retain filter feeding (baleen whales).

3. Jaws Branchiomeric muscles serve the pharyngeal arches Basic pattern seen in shark remains in tetrapods. Posterior muscles, however, now move head and neck Two important arches - mandibular and hyoid. 3-6 remain important for other reasons

4. Mandibular Arch (I) Muscles that operate jaw Adductor mandibulae gives rise to massseter, temporalis and pterygoideus. Intermandibular - myohyoideus, digastricus and tensor tympani

5. Hyoid Arch (II) Constrictors of pharynx Posterior belly of digastricus Platysma Stapedius

6. Remaining Arches (III-VI) Trapezius Extrinsic laryngeal muscles Neck muscles

7. Innervation of Branchiomeric Muscles Cranial nerves: V - Trigeminal VII - Facial IX - Glossopharyngeal X - Vagus XI - Accessory

8. Overview of Digestive System Alimentary canal - tube running from mouth to cloaca or anus Smooth muscle moves food by peristalsis Divisions - oropharynx, esophagus, stomach and intestines Associated structures - tongue, teeth, oral glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder and ceca

9. Digestive organs lie in pleuroperitoneal cavity (except animals with a diaphragm Parietal peritoneum and skeletal muscle from somatic mesoderm; visceral peritoneum and smooth muscle from splanchnic mesoderm Visceral and parietal peritonea are continuous via dorsal and ventral mesentaries

10. Formation Endoderm forms digestive tract Three regions: –Foregut - post. oral cavity thru most of small intestine –Midgut - attachment of yolk sac –Hindgut - large intestine and cloaca

11. Oropharynx Mouth and oral cavity - entrance to digestive system Oral vestibule -separates alveolar ridges from cheeks Structures include teeth, salivary glands, taste buds and the tongue Several other important structures form in oropharynx

12. Teeth Began as dermal plates in ostracoderms Morphology - composed of enamel, dentin and cementum. Articulation is a gomphosis. Teeth anchored by periodontal ligament Attachment: –Acrodont -outer surface or top of jaw –Pleurodont - inner surface of jaw –Thecodont - bony sockets

13. Replacement –Polyphydont: continuous replacement throughout life –Diphydont: 2 sets - deciduous and permenant –Monophydont: one set only If all teeth are similar dentition is homodontic. Variation in morphology produces heterodontic dention

14. Tongue Procurement and manipulation of food; sensory Primary Tongue: mesenchyme of hyoid arch present in sharks, bony fish and amphibians cannot move independently An extension of the glandular field of the pharyngeal floor is used by terrestrial amphibians to capture prey

15. Secondary Tongue: reptiles, birds and mammals develops from primary tongue and tuberculum impar (old glandular field): I lateral lingual swellings develop anterior to tuberculum impar: I copula develops as a median swelling (II, III and IV) epiglottis forms another median swelling (IV)

16. Anterior 2/3’s of tongue (lat. Lingual swellings + tuberculum impar form body of tongue innervated by mandibular branch of trigeminal n. Terminal sulcus separates body from posterior 1/3, the root of the tongue. This is innervated by the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves A depression in the middle of the terminal sulcus, the foramen caecum gives rise to the thyroglossal duct and forms the thyroid

17. Oral Glands Multicellular Secrete serous or mucus fluid into oral cavity to lubricate food. Enzymes may facilitate digestion. Modified glands by produce venom. Glands named for location: parotid, submandibular and sublingual Glands may be serous, mucous or mixed

18. Alimentary Canal Morphology mucosa: endothelium and connective tissue limited by muscularis mucosa submucosa: connective tissue containing glands and rich vascular supply muscularis: smooth muscle - inner circular, outer longitudinal serosa: mesothelium and connective tissue of visceral peritoneum (retroperitoneal structures covered by adventitia)

19. Esophagus: muscular tube between oropharynx and stomach variable in length specialized mainly in birds where diverticula form crop Stomach: primary site of digestion requiring acid environment modifications depend on diet

20. (stomach cont.) 3 regions: cardiac, fundus, pylorus glands may secrete mucus, proteolytic enzymes and acid birds and crocodiles have proventriculus and gizzard herbivores have stomachs with multiple chambers flexion of stomach during development produces greater and lessor curvatures

21. Small intestine: morphology varies with diet duodenum is proximal; receives pancreatic and bile ducts length and modifications such as spiral valves, plica and villi increase surface area in mammals, jejunum and lieum are distal to duodenum

22. Colon: begins at ileocaecal valve; terminates in rectum caeca are present absorption of water vitamin synthesis by bacteria

23. Liver Midventral diverticulum of foregut coronary ligament anchors to transverse septum/diapragm falciform ligament to ventral body wall Lobes are drained by hepatic ducts; cystic duct drains gallbladder while common bile duct empties into duodenum (ampulla of Vater

24. Pancreas Consists of both exocrine and endocrine tissue may be compact or diffuse ventral pancreatic buds form body; dorsal bud forms tail usually a single pancreatic duct empties into duodenum, although an accessory duct by persist