1. Figure 14.1  The human digestive system: Alimentary canal and accessory organs.
(Spleen)

2. Parotid gland Mouth (oral cavity) Sublingual gland Salivary glands
Figure 14.1  The human digestive system: Alimentary canal and accessory organs.
Parotid gland
Mouth (oral
cavity)
Sublingual gland
Salivary
glands
Submandibular
gland
Tongue
Pharynx
Stomach
Esophagus
Pancreas
(Spleen)
Liver
Gallbladder
Large intestine
Small intestine
• Transverse colon
• Duodenum
• Descending colon
• Jejunum
• Ascending colon
• Ileum
• Cecum
• Sigmoid colon
• Rectum
• Appendix
Anus
• Anal canal

3. Figure 14. 2a Anatomy of the mouth (oral cavity)
Figure 14.2a  Anatomy of the mouth (oral cavity). (a) Sagittal view of the oral cavity and pharynx.
Trachea
(a)

4. Nasopharynx Hard palate Soft palate Oral cavity Uvula Lips (labia)
Figure 14.2a  Anatomy of the mouth (oral cavity). (a) Sagittal view of the oral cavity and pharynx.
Nasopharynx
Hard
palate
Soft palate
Oral
cavity
Uvula
Lips (labia)
Palatine tonsil
Vestibule
Lingual tonsil
Oropharynx
Lingual
frenulum
Epiglottis
Tongue
Laryngopharynx
Hyoid bone
Esophagus
Trachea
(a)

5. Figure 14. 2b Anatomy of the mouth (oral cavity)
Figure 14.2b  Anatomy of the mouth (oral cavity). (b) Anterior view of the oral cavity.
(b)

6. Upper lip Gingivae (gums) Hard palate Soft palate Uvula
Figure 14.2b  Anatomy of the mouth (oral cavity). (b) Anterior view of the oral cavity.
Upper lip
Gingivae
(gums)
Hard palate
Soft palate
Uvula
Palatine tonsil
Oropharynx
Tongue
(b)

7. Figure 14.3 Basic structure of the alimentary canal wall.
(visceral peritoneum)
Nerve
Gland in
mucosa
Artery
Vein
Duct of gland
outside alimentary
canal

8. Figure 14.3 Basic structure of the alimentary canal wall.
Visceral peritoneum
Submucosal glands
Mucosa
Surface epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscle layer
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Longitudinal muscle layer
Circular muscle layer
Serosa
(visceral peritoneum)
Nerve
Gland in
mucosa
Lumen
Artery
Mesentery
Vein
Duct of gland
outside alimentary
canal
Lymph nodule

9. Figure 14. 4a Anatomy of the stomach
Figure 14.4a  Anatomy of the stomach. (a) Diagram of the gross internal anatomy (frontal section).
(a)

10. Cardioesophageal sphincter Fundus Esophagus Muscularis externa Serosa
Figure 14.4a  Anatomy of the stomach. (a) Diagram of the gross internal anatomy (frontal section).
Cardioesophageal
sphincter
Fundus
Esophagus
Muscularis
externa
Serosa
Longitudinal layer
Circular layer
Body
Oblique layer
Lesser
curvature
Rugae of
mucosa
Pylorus
Greater
curvature
Duodenum
Pyloric sphincter
(valve)
Pyloric
antrum
(a)

11. Figure 14. 4c Anatomy of the stomach
Figure 14.4c  Anatomy of the stomach. (c) Enlarged view of gastric pits and glands (longitudinal section).
(c)

12. Gastric pits Surface epithelium Pyloric Mucous sphincter neck cells
Figure 14.4c  Anatomy of the stomach. (c) Enlarged view of gastric pits and glands (longitudinal section).
Gastric pits
Surface
epithelium
Pyloric
sphincter
Mucous
neck cells
Parietal cells
Gastric
glands
Chief cells
(c)

13. Blood vessels serving small intestine (a) Small intestine
Figure 14.7a  Structural modifications of the small intestine. (a) Small intestine.
Blood vessels serving
small intestine
(a) Small intestine

14. Blood vessels serving small intestine Muscle layers Large
Figure 14.7a  Structural modifications of the small intestine. (a) Small intestine.
Blood vessels serving
small intestine
Muscle
layers
Large
circular folds
(plicae circulares)
Villi
(a) Small intestine

15. Vein Artery Submucosa (b) Villi
Figure 14.7b  Structural modifications of the small intestine. (b) Villi.
Vein
Artery
Submucosa
(b) Villi

16. One villus Lacteal Blood capillaries Vein Artery Submucosa (b) Villi
Figure 14.7b  Structural modifications of the small intestine. (b) Villi.
One
villus
Lacteal
Blood
capillaries
Vein
Artery
Submucosa
(b) Villi

17. Figure 14.8 The large intestine.

18. Figure 14.8 The large intestine.
Left colic
(splenic) flexure
Transverse
mesocolon
Right colic
(hepatic) flexure
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Haustra
Ascending colon
IIeum (cut)
Cut edge of
mesentery
IIeocecal valve
Teniae coli
Sigmoid colon
Cecum
Appendix
Rectum
Anal canal
External anal sphincter

19. Figure 14.11 Schematic summary of gastrointestinal tract activities.
Food
Pharynx
• Chewing (mouth)
Esophagus
• Churning (stomach)
• Segmentation
(small intestine)
• Swallowing
(oropharynx)
Chemical
digestion
• Peristalsis
(esophagus,
stomach,
small intestine,
large intestine)
Stomach
Lymph
vessel
Small
intestine
Blood
vessel
Large
intestine
Mainly H2O
Feces
Anus

20. Figure 14.11 Schematic summary of gastrointestinal tract activities.
Food
Ingestion
Mechanical
digestion
Pharynx
• Chewing (mouth)
Esophagus
• Churning (stomach)
Propulsion
• Segmentation
(small intestine)
• Swallowing
(oropharynx)
Chemical
digestion
• Peristalsis
(esophagus,
stomach,
small intestine,
large intestine)
Stomach
Absorption
Lymph
vessel
Small
intestine
Blood
vessel
Large
intestine
Mainly H2O
Feces
Defecation
Anus