1. Anatomical Terminology Introductory Concepts: 1) Homeostasis – macro and micro 2) Body terminology

2. Directional Terms Anterior – front, before Example: The vertebral column is dorsal to the more anterior sternum

3. Directional Terms Ventral - belly

4. Directional Terms Cranial - head

5. Directional Terms Superior – Above (higher level)

6. Directional Terms Medial – toward the body’s midline

7. Directional Terms Distal – away from point of attachment

8. Directional Terms Proximal – toward point of attachment

9. Directional Terms Superficial – at or near the surface

10. Directional Terms Posterior – back; behind

11. Directional Terms Dorsal - back RIGHT HAND

12. Directional Terms Caudal - tail Hindlimb conformation faults: caudal view

13. Directional Terms Inferior – below (lower level)

14. Directional Terms Lateral – away from midline

15. Directional Terms Deep – farther from the surface

16. Body Planes and Sections Transverse – divides the body into superior and inferior sections http://www.madsci.org/~lynn/VH/transverse.html

17. Body Planes and Sections Frontal – divides the body into anterior and posterior sections http://www.madsci.org/~lynn/VH/coronal.html

18. Body Planes and Sections Sagittal – divides the body into right and left sections http://www.madsci.org/~lynn/VH/sagittal.html

19. Section 1

20. Section 2

21. Section 3

22. Section 4

23. Section 5

24. Section 6

25. Section 7

26. Section 8

27. Major Body Cavities PLEURAL PERICARDIAL

28. Introductory Anat/physiology test Body cavities and organs located within the cavity (labeling and matching) Anatomical terminology – be able to apply it Overview of organ systems (matching)

29. Introductory Anat/physiology test Body planes and sections (identify pictures) Cell parts and functions Homeostasis –Thirst fill-in blank –Scenario identification of stimulus, receptors, effectors and response –Cell membrane – diffusion, osmosis terms and active transport

30. Dehydration ↓ water volume ↑ osmolarity of blood 1) Kidneys detect ↓ blood volume 2) hypothalamus detects ↑ in blood osmolarity 1) JGA in kidneys 2) Hypothalamus in brain 1) Adrenal gland (on top of kidney) releases aldosterone 2) ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) is released from pituitary gland 1) Kidneys keep water and salts instead of excreting them 2) Kidneys keep water and salivary glands do not salivate (causes dry mouth = thirst)

31. The Cell

32. Prokaryotic v. Eukaryotic Cells Prokaryotic Cell Cell membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus Organelles Eukaryotic Cell Section 7-1 Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

33. Plant Cell Nuclear envelope Ribosome (attached) Ribosome (free) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Rough endoplasmic reticulum Nucleolus Golgi apparatus Mitochondrion Cell wall Cell Membrane Chloroplast Vacuole Section 7-2 Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells

34. Animal Cell Centrioles Nucleolus Nucleus Nuclear envelope Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Mitochondrion Cell Membrane Ribosome (free) Ribosome (attached) Section 7-2 Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells a b c d e f g hi j k

35. ProkaryotesEukaryotes Cell membrane Contain DNA Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Vacuoles Mitochondria Cytoskeleton Animal CellsPlant Cells Centrioles Cell membrane Ribosomes Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Vacuoles Mitochondria Cytoskeleton Cell Wall Chloroplasts Section 7-2 Venn Diagrams

36. Cell membrane Endoplasmic reticulum Microtubule Microfilament Ribosomes Mitochondrion Section 7-2 Figure 7-11 Cytoskeleton

37. Divison of Labor A cell is made up of many parts with different functions that work together. Similarly, the parts of a factory or a machine work together to carry out different functions and come up with a product. Answer the following questions. 1. What are some of the different parts of a computer? What are the functions of these computer parts? 2. How do the functions of these computer parts correspond to the functions of certain cell parts?

38. Cell Membrane Guard station— –lets somethings in –Keeps some things out

39. Cell Wall (plants only) Wall outside the factory guard gate –Protection and strength

40. mitochondria Generator –Creates energy for the factory

41. Golgi Apparatus Packaging, processing –Puts wrapper on the candy bar

42. Nucleus CEO, central office –Directs the factory –Contains the recipe

43. Nucleolus Machine makers –Place where the assembling machines (ribosomes) are made

44. Ribosomes Assembling machines –Assembles the candy bars, takes them to packaging (golgi)

45. Endoplasmic reticulum Inner-factory transport –Conveyor belt, transports candybars (proteins)

46. Lysosome Sanitation crew –Destroys garbage –Cleans out foreign debris

47. Vacuole Warehouse storage- –Contains all of the surplus materials

48. Chloroplast (plants only) Solar panels on the factory –Converts sunlight to usable energy for the factory

49. ANSWERS TO INTRO CELL QUESTIONS Attached to microscope lab

50. Cell Structures and Functions 1. The CELL is the fundamental building block of the body.

51. How are certain cells in your stomach specialized?

52. The _______ is the control center of the cell. Nucleus

53. How many chromosomes in each human cell? 46 (23 pairs) You get 23 from mom and 23 from dad and 23 from dad

54. If same 46 chromosomes in each cell, then how do we end up with different cell types?

55. Embryo – different genes expressed in different cells

56. What is the function of chromosomes? Chromosomes are composed of DNA which directs the cell’s activities. They are the instructions for the building of all of your body’s proteins.

58. Where are proteins assembled? Ribosomes (attached or free)

59. Where is RNA manufactured? nucleolus

60. What structure transports proteins? Endoplasmic reticulum

61. What is the function of the Golgi body? To package proteins in a molecular coat so they can be sent out of the cell.

62. Lysosomes contain chemical substances called________. Enzymes The enzymes breakdown proteins into amino acids.

63. Ribosomes use the amino acids to build new Proteins

64. _______ are storage sacs. Vacuoles Incoming nutrients are stored in vacuoles before they are broken down by LYSOSOMES.

65. Clinical autopsy – gross analysis to cellular analysis http://pathhsw5m54.ucsf.edu/case2 4/case24.html http://pathhsw5m54.ucsf.edu/case2 4/case24.html

66. To assemble proteins and perform many other functions the cell uses______. ENERGY – (ATP)

67. Mitochondria produce ENERGY in the form that the CELL can use.

68. Importance of cell membrane

69. Selectively permeable Phospholipid bilayer – allows oxygen, carbon dioxide and water to pass freely Channel proteins – allow dissolved ions (Na+, Ca+ K+, Cl-) to pass freely Carrier proteins – change shape to allow large molecules to pass in and out – ex glucose Pumps – requires energy to work, pushes in or out ions and nutrients – ex Na+ and K+ pumps regulate ICF/ECF concentrations and neurons

70. No energy neededEnergy needed