1. CELLS-Stucture and Function

2. Who started the study of cells?
What tools allow us to study cells?
How are the polymers we studied used in
cells?
Which nutrient group carries out the majority
of cell processes?

3. Robert Hooke, 1635-1703, English Chemist,
Mathematician, Physicist, and Inventor

4. Matthais Schleiden (Plants)
Theodor Schwann (Animals)
Germany 1839: all organisms made of cells.

5. Rudolf Virchow (Germany 1858): all cells come from cells.

6. Cells are the basic units of life.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek, , Wine Assayer,
Surveyor, Cloth Merchant, Minor Public Official, and Inventor
1st to see living things
Cells are the basic units of life.

8. Robert Hooke 1600s saw cells and named them
cells because they looked like cells
(rooms) in a monastery.
Schleiden discovered all plants are made
of cells.
Schwann 1839 discovered all animals are
made of cells
Anton van Leeuwenhoek cells basic units of life
Rudolf Virchow 1858 discovered all cells
come from cells.

9. Modern Cell theory
Cells are basic unit of life.
All organisms are made of cells.
Cells come from cells.

10. Modern Cell theory
Cells are basic unit of life.
All organisms are made of cells.
Cells come from cells.

11. Light microscopes use 2 lenses to form a
clear image. Due to diffraction of light waves
they can only magnify objects about 1000
times(1millionth of a meter).

12. Electron Transmission Microscopes focus
a beam of electrons allowing DNA or viruses
to be visualized. Some can visualize
structures 1 billionth of a meter in size.
appears
flat
Organelles in a grain of pollen
from tobacco plant

13. Electron Scanning Microscopes scan the
surface of a specimen giving 3 dimensional
images of the surface.

14. How can you tell a prokaryote from an Eukaryotic cell?
One micron is 1/1000 of a millimeter
Drawing of prokaryote eukaryote
How can you tell a prokaryote from an
Eukaryotic cell?

15. Number of cells 1 1 or more characteristic prokaryote eukaryote size
1um=1millionth of a meter
.1um-10um
10um-100um
Nucleus no
Yes
Specialized organelles surrounded by membranes
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
yes
Number of cells or more

16. DNA
Is this cell
Prokaryotic or
Eukaryotic?

18. Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic
Prokaryotic
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic

19. Artist rendition of
A virus
Electron scan of an
HIV virus
Viruses are Prokaryotic.

20. Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Section 7-2
Nuclear
envelope
Ribosome
(attached)
(free)
Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
Nucleus
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleolus
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrian
Cell wall
Cell
Membrane
Chloroplast
Vacuole
Plant Cell
Go to Section:

21. Animal Cell

22. Organelle: specialized internal structures in the cytoplasm of cells that carry out specific functions.
(Division of labor) Like tiny organs.
Are these prokaryotic
or eukaryotic?

23. Cells have many organelles.
Organelle: specialized internal structures in the cytoplasm of cells that carry out specific functions.
(Division of labor) Like tiny organs.

24. Where is a cell membrane
in comparison to a cell
wall?
How can you tell a
mitochondria from a
chloroplast?
What is different about smooth & rough ER?

25. Both plant and animal cells
Plants and animals have a lot of organelles in common.
Cytoplasm: fluid and organelles located between the
Cell membrane and the nucleus.
Organelle: specialized internal structures in the
cytoplasm of cells that carry out specific functions.
(Division of labor) Like tiny organs.
Venn Diagram
Animal cell
Both plant and animal cells
Animal cells
Plant cells

26. Cell Organization

27. Once you get in …
Cells have 2 main zones
1. In the cytoplasm
2. In the nucleus

28. Cell Part_Cytoplasm___ Actual Drawing
Structure
Mostly water (cytosol) &
organelles
Function
Site of chemical reactions
Location
Between cell membrane and
nucleus
_____________________________________
The cytoplasm is like a Analogy Drawing
_____________Because it
_____________________

29. Cell Part___Nucleus___ Actual Drawing
Structure membrane bound
Sac/DNA & mRNA &tRNA
Function regulate cell processes
Store genetic info, start protein
synthesis
Location In cytoplasm
_____________________________________
The ___________is like a Analogy Drawing
Because it_____________
_____________________

30. nucleus

31. Why are we made of trillions of cells
Instead of 1 large cell?

32. Why are we made of trillions of cells
Instead of 1 large cell?
We are made of many types of cells.
each type specializes to perform specific
functions. This makes us more efficient and
able to survive being so large.

33. As cells get larger their volume increases
and they can’t get food in and waste out
effectively.

34. Cell size is limited by 2 factors:
1. When a cell gets too big the DNA gets overworked & fails this is called DNA overload.
2. Cells that are too large can not get food in and waste out and the cell dies.
Cells don’t’ have intestines …how do the
dispose of waste?

35. Organelles that clean up, store, and support,
and move cells.

36. Lysosome
Structure- membrane
bound sac filled with
enzymes
Function-Break down
Lipids carbohydrates
and Proteins.
Location- in the cytoplasm
A lysosome is like a ____
because _____________
____________________

37. The vacuole is like a Analogy Drawing Bottle of Gatorade because
Cell Part___Large Vacuole Actual Drawing
Structure
Membrane bound sac
Function
Store water, sugar,
and salt
Location
In cytoplasm in plants
_____________________________________
The vacuole is like a Analogy Drawing
Bottle of Gatorade because
it stores sugar salt and water

38. The vacuole is like a Analogy Drawing Bottle of Gatorade because
Cell Part___Large Vacuole Actual Drawing
Structure
Membrane bound sac
Function
Store water, sugar,
and salt
Location
In cytoplasm in plants
_____________________________________
The vacuole is like a Analogy Drawing
Bottle of Gatorade because
it stores sugar salt and water

39. How do unicellular organisms move?

40. microtubules – centrioles, cilia Structure – proteins
Function – flexible framework that supports cell and aid in cell division
Location- in cytoplasm
or protruding
from cell
Analogy-
9-2 pattern

41. What do you have to go
through to get into a cells cytoplasm?
That depends on
what type of cell it is…
plant or animal
What is the difference?

42. Cell Part__Cell Wall
Cellulose (structural
carbohydrate)
Function
Support & protect
Location
Outside cell membrane
____________________________________
The __cell wall ___is like a Analogy Drawing
_________Because it___
_____________________

43. Plant cell walls are made of carbohydrates
Several plant cells

44. Cell Part_Cell Membrane_ Structure Mostly phospholipids plus some
Protein channels & carbs.
Function
Regulate what goes in and out
Location
Outside of cytoplasm
_____________________________________
The Cell membrane is like a Analogy Drawing
__________Because it___
_____________________
-= -- = Analogy: windowScreen lets air in ei oat But not the Sags. lit t 11ttIl' .aaXfre 0-cellmembrane

45. Simple picture of a
Cell membrane
Small section of a cell membrane

46. What are organelles that convert light and
C H O
into a monosaccharide called?
(sugar = chemical energy)

47. Cell Part___chloroplast
Structure: membrane bound organelle
with green granum (look like stack of
pancakes) called thylakoids.
Function: use light energy, water & CO2
to make sugar + O2
Location: in the cytoplasm of
Plants and some photosynthetic organisms
_____________________________________
The chloroplast is like a Analogy Drawing
solar collector because
it converts light energy into
another form of energy

48. Cell Part___mitochondria
Structure
Membrane bound sac
with folded membranes (cristae)
Function
Release energy from glucose (sugar)
Location
In Cytoplasm of plant and
animal cells
_____________________________________
The mitochondria is like a Analogy Drawing
_power plant Because it
releases energy from fuel

49. Photosynthesis
Notes from next page

50. Draw & Label : 1. One Elodea plant cell 2. Cell Wall 3. Cell Membrane
4. Chloroplasts
Can you figure out where a large vacuole filled with water is?

51. Is there a cell wall on an animal cell?
Draw and label:
1. one human cheek cell
2. Cell Membrane
3. Nucleus
Is there a cell wall on an animal cell?
                                       

52. Organelles start protein synthesis
and build proteins.

53. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Structure- folded
membrane forming
tunnels
Function- modify
polypeptide chains
Location- in the
cytoplasm out side of
the nucleus
Analogy-

54. Location-In the cytoplasm and on the rough Endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosomes
Structure-made of
Ribosomal RNA
Function-Assemble
amino acids into
Polypeptide chains
Location-In the cytoplasm
and on the rough
Endoplasmic reticulum
Picture-
Analogy- .
the polka dot

55. Golgi Apparatus
Structure- stack of
flattened membranes
Function-modifies sorts
and packages protein &
other materials for storage
or release out of cell.
Location- in cytoplasm
Analogy-