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10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm
Fig. 6-2 10 m Human height 1 m Length of some nerve and muscle cells 0.1 m Unaided eye Chicken egg 1 cm Frog egg 1 mm 100 µm Most plant and animal cells Light microscope 10 µm Nucleus Most bacteria 1 µm Mitochondrion 100 nm Smallest bacteria Electron microscope Viruses Ribosomes 10 nm Proteins Lipids 1 nm Small molecules 0.1 nm Atoms
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Surface area increases while total volume remains constant
Fig. 6-8 Surface area increases while total volume remains constant 5 1 1 Total surface area [Sum of the surface areas (height width) of all boxes sides number of boxes] 6 150 750 Total volume [height width length number of boxes] 1 125 125 Surface-to-volume (S-to-V) ratio [surface area ÷ volume] 6 1.2 6
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A typical rod-shaped bacterium (b)
Fig. 6-6 Fimbriae Nucleoid Ribosomes Plasma membrane Bacterial chromosome Cell wall Capsule 0.5 µm Flagella (a) A typical rod-shaped bacterium (b) A thin section through the bacterium Bacillus coagulans (TEM)
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ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) Nucleolus NUCLEUS Rough ER Smooth ER
Fig. 6-9a Nuclear envelope ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) Nucleolus NUCLEUS Rough ER Smooth ER Flagellum Chromatin Centrosome Plasma membrane CYTOSKELETON: Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules Ribosomes Microvilli Golgi apparatus Peroxisome Mitochondrion Lysosome
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Fig. 6-9b Nuclear envelope Rough endoplasmic reticulum NUCLEUS Nucleolus Chromatin Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes Central vacuole Golgi apparatus Microfilaments Intermediate filaments CYTO- SKELETON Microtubules Mitochondrion Peroxisome Chloroplast Plasma membrane Cell wall Plasmodesmata Wall of adjacent cell
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Fig. 6-20 Microtubule Microfilaments 0.25 µm
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Table 6-1 10 µm 10 µm 10 µm Column of tubulin dimers Keratin proteins
Actin subunit Fibrous subunit (keratins coiled together) 25 nm 7 nm 8–12 nm Tubulin dimer
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Fig. 6-32 Tight junction Tight junctions prevent fluid from moving
across a layer of cells 0.5 µm Tight junction Intermediate filaments Desmosome Desmosome Gap junctions 1 µm Extracellular matrix Space between cells Gap junction Plasma membranes of adjacent cells 0.1 µm
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(a) Brightfield (unstained specimen)
Fig. 6-3ab TECHNIQUE RESULTS (a) Brightfield (unstained specimen) 50 µm (b) Brightfield (stained specimen)
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(d) Differential-interference- contrast (Nomarski)
Fig. 6-3cd TECHNIQUE RESULTS (c) Phase-contrast (d) Differential-interference- contrast (Nomarski)
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Fig. 6-3e TECHNIQUE RESULTS (e) Fluorescence 50 µm
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(b) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) Longitudinal section of
Fig. 6-4 TECHNIQUE RESULTS 1 µm (a) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) Cilia (b) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) Longitudinal section of cilium Cross section of cilium 1 µm
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ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) Nucleolus NUCLEUS Rough ER Smooth ER
Fig. 6-9a Nuclear envelope ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) Nucleolus NUCLEUS Rough ER Smooth ER Flagellum Chromatin Centrosome Plasma membrane CYTOSKELETON: Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules Ribosomes Microvilli Golgi apparatus Peroxisome Mitochondrion Lysosome
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Close-up of nuclear envelope
Fig. 6-10 Nucleus 1 µm Nucleolus Chromatin Nuclear envelope: Inner membrane Outer membrane Nuclear pore Pore complex Rough ER Surface of nuclear envelope Ribosome 1 µm 0.25 µm Close-up of nuclear envelope Pore complexes (TEM) Nuclear lamina (TEM)
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Smooth ER Nuclear envelope Rough ER ER lumen Cisternae Transitional ER
Fig. 6-12 Smooth ER Nuclear envelope Rough ER ER lumen Cisternae Transitional ER Ribosomes Transport vesicle 200 nm Smooth ER Rough ER
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Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Fig. 6-11 Cytosol Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Free ribosomes Bound ribosomes Large subunit Small subunit 0.5 µm TEM showing ER and ribosomes Diagram of a ribosome
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Smooth ER Nuclear envelope Rough ER ER lumen Cisternae Transitional ER
Fig. 6-12 Smooth ER Nuclear envelope Rough ER ER lumen Cisternae Transitional ER Ribosomes Transport vesicle 200 nm Smooth ER Rough ER
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(“receiving” side of Golgi apparatus) 0.1 µm
Fig. 6-13 cis face (“receiving” side of Golgi apparatus) 0.1 µm Cisternae trans face (“shipping” side of Golgi apparatus) TEM of Golgi apparatus
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Fig. 6-14 Nucleus 1 µm Vesicle containing two damaged organelles 1 µm Mitochondrion fragment Peroxisome fragment Lysosome Digestive enzymes Lysosome Lysosome Plasma membrane Peroxisome Digestion Food vacuole Mitochondrion Digestion Vesicle (a) Phagocytosis (b) Autophagy
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Central vacuole Cytosol Nucleus Central vacuole Cell wall Chloroplast
Fig. 6-15 Central vacuole Cytosol Nucleus Central vacuole Cell wall Chloroplast 5 µm
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Fig Nucleus Rough ER Smooth ER Plasma membrane
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Nucleus Rough ER Smooth ER cis Golgi Plasma membrane trans Golgi
Fig Nucleus Rough ER Smooth ER cis Golgi Plasma membrane trans Golgi
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Nucleus Rough ER Smooth ER cis Golgi Plasma membrane trans Golgi
Fig Nucleus Rough ER Smooth ER cis Golgi Plasma membrane trans Golgi
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Fig. 6-14 Nucleus 1 µm Vesicle containing two damaged organelles 1 µm Mitochondrion fragment Peroxisome fragment Lysosome Digestive enzymes Lysosome Lysosome Plasma membrane Peroxisome Digestion Food vacuole Mitochondrion Digestion Vesicle (a) Phagocytosis (b) Autophagy
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Fig. 6-9b Nuclear envelope Rough endoplasmic reticulum NUCLEUS Nucleolus Chromatin Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes Central vacuole Golgi apparatus Microfilaments Intermediate filaments CYTO- SKELETON Microtubules Mitochondrion Peroxisome Chloroplast Plasma membrane Cell wall Plasmodesmata Wall of adjacent cell
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ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) Nucleolus NUCLEUS Rough ER Smooth ER
Fig. 6-9a Nuclear envelope ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) Nucleolus NUCLEUS Rough ER Smooth ER Flagellum Chromatin Centrosome Plasma membrane CYTOSKELETON: Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules Ribosomes Microvilli Golgi apparatus Peroxisome Mitochondrion Lysosome
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in the mitochondrial matrix
Fig. 6-17 Intermembrane space Outer membrane Free ribosomes in the mitochondrial matrix Inner membrane Cristae Matrix 0.1 µm
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Fig. 6-9b Nuclear envelope Rough endoplasmic reticulum NUCLEUS Nucleolus Chromatin Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes Central vacuole Golgi apparatus Microfilaments Intermediate filaments CYTO- SKELETON Microtubules Mitochondrion Peroxisome Chloroplast Plasma membrane Cell wall Plasmodesmata Wall of adjacent cell
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Inner and outer membranes
Fig. 6-18 Ribosomes Stroma Inner and outer membranes Granum 1 µm Thylakoid
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Secondary cell wall Primary cell wall Middle lamella Central vacuole
Fig. 6-28 Secondary cell wall Primary cell wall Middle lamella 1 µm Central vacuole Cytosol Plasma membrane Plant cell walls Plasmodesmata
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Cross section of cilium
Fig. 6-24 Outer microtubule doublet Plasma membrane 0.1 µm Dynein proteins Central microtubule Radial spoke Protein cross-linking outer doublets Microtubules (b) Cross section of cilium Plasma membrane Basal body 0.5 µm (a) Longitudinal section of cilium 0.1 µm Triplet (c) Cross section of basal body
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Fig. 6-25 Microtubule doublets ATP Dynein protein
(a) Effect of unrestrained dynein movement ATP Cross-linking proteins inside outer doublets Anchorage in cell (b) Effect of cross-linking proteins 1 3 2 (c) Wavelike motion
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Direction of organism’s movement
Fig. 6-23 Direction of swimming (a) Motion of flagella 5 µm Direction of organism’s movement Power stroke Recovery stroke (b) Motion of cilia 15 µm
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Longitudinal section of one centriole Microtubules Cross section
Fig. 6-22 Centrosome Microtubule Centrioles 0.25 µm Longitudinal section of one centriole Microtubules Cross section of the other centriole
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