1. Kingdom Protista

2. All protists have a nucleus and are therefore eukaryotic.
Protists are either plant-like, animal-like or fungus-like.

3. Plant-like protists are autotrophs – they contain chloroplasts and make their own food.
Animal-like and fungus-like protists and are heterotrophs.

4. The word protozoa means "little animal
The word protozoa means "little animal." They are so named because many species behave like tiny animals—specifically, they hunt and gather other microbes as food.

5. Phylum Protozoa
The first group is the phylum Protozoa. It has been called phylum Sarcodina. These are amoebae <ah-me-bee>, which can be subdivided into:
1. testate amoebae, which have a shell-
like covering
2. naked amoebae, which don't have this
covering.
Amoebae ooze along and move by means of pseudopodia (false feet) engulfing food as they go.

6. Amoebae live in water or moist places.
They have a cell membrane but no cell wall.

8. Amoebae also use their pseudopods for feeding by surrounding & engulfing food particles & other protists; called phagocytosis
Food is surrounded by a pseudopod & then this part of the cell membrane pinches together forming a food vacuole; called endocytosis
Cytoplasmic enzymes enter the food vacuole & digest the food
Undigested food & wastes leave by exocytosis

10. Most amoebae have a contractile vacuole used to pump out excess water
to prevent them from swelling and bursting.

11. Many members of this phylum have a test made of silica or calcium
carbonate. Tests can build up and
form limestone or chalk.
Formation of the White Cliffs of Dover. (United Kingdom)

12. Phylum Ciliophora
The second group in Kingdom Protista are the ciliates from the phylum Ciliophora. These are generally the largest protozoa.
They are covered with hair-like projections called cilia, and they eat the other two types of protozoa as well as bacteria.
Ciliates are found in every aquatic habitat.
Members of the genus Paramecium are the most commonly studied ciliates.

14. Phylum Ciliophora Called plankton & serve as a food source
Form protective cysts to survive unfavorable conditions
Members include the Paramecium, Vorticella, & Stentor
Have 2 types of nuclei --- smaller micronuclei & larger macronuclei
Macronucleus controls asexual reproduction by mitosis
Can reproduce sexually by conjugation (two paramecia join together & exchange DNA)

15. Paramecium *Clear, elastic covering of cell membrane called pellicle
*Pellicle made of protein for protection
*Use cilia to swim & obtain food (algae & bacteria)
*Have 2 contractile vacuoles to pump out excess
water
Path of food
*Cilia sweep food into oral groove where mouth
located at the bottom
*Food enters short tube called gullet into food
vacuoles where it’s digested
*Wastes leave through anal pore

16. Phylum Sarcomastigophora
The third group is the Flagellates <flah-geh-lets>, of the Phylum Sarcomastigophora. Flagellates are generally the smallest of the protozoa and have one or several long, whip-like projections called flagella poking out of their cells.
Flagellates use their flagella to move.
It is a flagellate in the intestines of termites which enable them to eat wood. Both organisms benefit…..what kind of relationship do they have?

17. Phylum Sarcomastigophora
Many are free-living that are found in lakes and ponds
Others are parasites like Trypanosoma and Trichonympha
Trypanosomes live in the blood of fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. It is carried from host to host by bloodsucking insects.
African Sleeping Sickness is transmitted to people by the bite of a Tsetse fly.
Trichonympha lives symbiotically inside termites & digests
cellulose

19. Trichonympha
Lives in the
intestines of a
Termite.

20. Phylum Apicomplexa
The last of the phyla includes at least 4,000 species that have no means of locomotion. Phylum Apicomplexa, once referred to as Sporozoans, are parasites. Many have more than one host.
Form spores
Immature sporozoans are called sporozoites and live in body fluids of hosts.
Plasmodium is transmitted by mosquitoes & causes malaria.

21. Plasmodium sporozoites enter the bloodstream, travel to the liver, divide & form spores called merozoites.
Merozoites attack red blood cells and later form eggs & sperm that fertilize.
New sporozoites migrate to the salivary glands of mosquitoes where they can be passed on to another person.
Malaria can be controlled by controlling mosquito populations and it is treated with a drug called quinine derived from the Cinchona Tree in tropical rain forests.

22. Only certain species of mosquitoes of the Anopheles genus—and only females of those species—can transmit malaria.

24. Phylum Apicomplexa
Toxoplasmosis is an infection by a tiny parasite (Toxoplasma gondii) that can live inside the cells of humans and animals, especially cats and farm animals.
If you have been pregnant, you may already know it's important to avoid toxoplasmosis, which people can develop by cleaning the litter box of an infected cat or eating undercooked meat or other contaminated foods.

25. The Centers for Disease Control and Preventing (CDC) estimates that about 60 million people in the United States could have toxoplasmosis, but most won't have symptoms because their immune systems are strong.