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1 copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale

2 Characteristics of Life
All living things are made of cells copyright cmassengale

3 DISCOVERY OF THE CELL The discovery of the cell became possible with the development of the microscope

4 The Cell Theory All living things are made of one or more cells
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in an organism Cells come only from the reproduction of existing cells

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Cell Size and Types Cells, the basic units of organisms, can only be observed under microscope Three Basic types of cells include: Animal Cell Plant Cell Bacterial Cell copyright cmassengale

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Number of Cells Organisms may be: Unicellular – composed of one cell Multicellular- composed of many cells that may organize copyright cmassengale

7 Cell Diversity Size – Most cells cannot be seen with the naked eye. They range from 2 meters long to .2 micrometers Longest cell Neuron = 1.3m Largest cell= ova Smallest cell=sperm

8 Which Cell Type is Larger?
_________ > _____________ > ___________ Plant cell Animal cell bacteria copyright cmassengale

9 Multicellular Organisms
Cells in multicellular organisms often specialize (take on different shapes & functions) copyright cmassengale

10 Specialized Animal Cells
Shape – The shape of a cell varies depending on the function of the cell Red blood cells Nerve cell Cheek cells Muscle cells

11 Specialized Plant cells
Guard Cells Pollen Xylem cells copyright cmassengale

12 Two Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells
Animal Cell Plant Cell copyright cmassengale

13 Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotes include bacteria & lack a nucleus or membrane-bound structures called organelles Eukaryotes include most other cells & have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (plants, fungi, & animals) copyright cmassengale

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Organelles Very small size Can only be observed under a microscope Have specific functions Found throughout cytoplasm copyright cmassengale

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Organelles copyright cmassengale

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Golgi Bodies Have a shipping side & a receiving side Receive & modify proteins (by using enzymes) made by ER. Proteins are used either inside or outside of the cell Transport vesicle copyright cmassengale

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Lysosome Contain digestive enzymes Break down food and worn out cell parts for cells Programmed for cell death (lyse & release enzymes to break down & recycle cell parts) copyright cmassengale

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Nucleolus Inside nucleus Makes ribosomes that make proteins copyright cmassengale

20 Smooth & Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth ER lacks ribosomes & makes proteins Used in the cell, manufactures lipids, gets rid of poisons Rough ER has ribosomes on its surface & makes proteins to EXPORT copyright cmassengale

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Cell Powerhouse Mitochondrion ( mitochondria ) Rod shape Site of energy production copyright cmassengale

22 In Animal Cells: Mitochondria
Active cells like muscles have more mitochondria Burn sugars to produce energy ATP

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Surrounding the Cell Cell membrane Lies immediately against the cell wall in plant cells Made of protein and phospholipids Selectively permeable copyright cmassengale

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Cell Wall Cell wall Nonliving layer Gives structure and shape to plant and bacterial cells copyright cmassengale

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Cytoplasm of a Cell Cytoplasm Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane Provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place copyright cmassengale

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More on Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs Examples: chloroplast & mitochondrion copyright cmassengale

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Control Organelle Nucleus Controls the normal activities of the cell Contain the DNA Bounded by a nuclear membrane Contains chromosomes copyright cmassengale

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Plant Cell Organelles Chloroplast Contain the green pigment chlorophyll Traps sunlight to make to make sugars (food) Process called photosynthesis copyright cmassengale

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Plant Cell Cell wall Made of cellulose which forms very thin fibers Strong and rigid Found in plant cells copyright cmassengale

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Plant Cell Organelles Vacuole Have a large central vacuole Stores sugars, proteins, minerals, wastes, & pigments copyright cmassengale

31 Different kinds of plant cells
Onion Epidermal Cells Root Hair Cell root hair Guard Cells copyright cmassengale

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Animal cell vacuole cytoplasm No cell wall or chloroplast Stores glycogen in the cytoplasm for food energy nucleus mitochondrion cell membrane glycogen granule copyright cmassengale

33 Different kinds of animal cells
white blood cell red blood cell cheek cells sperm nerve cell muscle cell Amoeba Paramecium copyright cmassengale

34 Similarities between plant cells and animal cells
Both have a cell membrane surrounding the cytoplasm Both have a nucleus Both contain mitochondria copyright cmassengale

35 Differences between plant cells and animal cells
Relatively smaller in size Relatively larger in size Irregular shape Regular shape No cell wall Cell wall present copyright cmassengale

36 Differences between Plant Cells and Animal Cells
Vacuole small or absent Large central vacuole Glycogen as food storage Starch as food storage Nucleus at the center Nucleus near cell wall copyright cmassengale

37 Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

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REVIEW Organelle that digests waste/broken cell parts Like a highway transports proteins Like a post office-packages proteins getting them ready for transport Largest organelle in a plant – used to store things Responsible for making ribosomes copyright cmassengale

40 Levels of organization
Cells are grouped together and work as a whole to perform special functions copyright cmassengale

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Tissue A group of similar cells to perform a particular function Animals : epithelial tissue, muscular tissue Plants : vascular tissue, mesophyll copyright cmassengale

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Organ Different tissues group together to carry out specialized functions Heart : consists of muscles, nervous tissue and blood vessels Leaf : consists of epidermis, mesophyll and vascular tissue copyright cmassengale

43 The Structures of a Leaf (Plant Organ)
Chloroplast Palisade Mesophyll Cell Spongy Mesophyll Cell Air Space Stoma copyright cmassengale

44 The Structures of a Heart (Animal Organ)
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System Several organs and tissues work together to carry out a particular set of functions in a co-ordinated way Human : digestive, respiratory, excretory, circulatory and reproductive systems Plant : root and shoot systems copyright cmassengale

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Human Body Systems Examples of systems : Digestive System Respiratory System Circulatory System Nervous System Reproductive System copyright cmassengale

47 Examples of a Human Body System
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48 Examples of a Human Body System
copyright cmassengale

49 Examples of a Human Body System
Circulatory System copyright cmassengale

50 Examples of a Human Body System
Nervous System copyright cmassengale

51 Levels of Organization
CELLS (muscle cells,nerve cells) TISSUES (muscle, epithelium) ORGANS (heart, lungs, stomach) SYSTEMS (circulatory system) ORGANISM (human) copyright cmassengale

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It’s You! copyright cmassengale

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The Liver Largest organ Weighs lbs Size of a football Most important organ; used to produce and store biochemicals Used to detoxify the body, removes bacteria, stores vitamins The liver is located on the right side of your body beneath the ribs. Copyright © 2004 Microsoft Corporation, One Microsoft Way, Redmond, WA USA. All rights reserved. copyright cmassengale

54 Diseases If the liver is exposed to toxins for to long it can become damaged and not do it’s job Cirrhosis – drinking alcohol Hepatitis C Increased salt intake can decrease the livers ability to break down toxins

55 Biomedical Engineering
Can now grow artificial organs for people who need new livers Engineers need to understand how the liver works in order to be able to create new organs or regenerate just a portion of the liver Only need ¼ of the original liver copyright cmassengale

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Bioengineering Lab As our bodies remove waste products and toxins to keep us healthy hydrogen peroxide is produced (h2O2). An enzyme in our liver breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen which is not harmful to us. When we ingest excess salt the liver cells break down the hydrogen peroxide less effectively. You will be investigating this process copyright cmassengale


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