1. Tissue Engineering
By: Chris Morino University of Rhode Island, Biomedical Engineering, BME 181

2. History
It all began over 300 years ago with a scientist named Robert Hooke
He was the first to discover a cell by looking at a slice of cork and discovered a honeycomb like structure

3. History cont.’
As time went on more scientist began studying cells and eventually discovering ways to manipulate them.
1907 Harrison first to grow frog ectodermal cells in vitro
1916 Rous and Jones discovered trypsin is capable of degrading proteins, therefore separating cells
This all led up to the creation of scaffolds in which make modern tissue engineering possible.

4. Extraction Fluid tissues like blood are extracted in large portions
For solid tissues, usually the tissue is sliced, then dissolved with the enzymes trypsin to remove the extracellular matrix that hold cells together.
Once cells are free floating, they use a centrifuge to extract the desired materials

5. Allogeneic cells come from the body of a donor of the same species.
Types of Cells
Autologous are obtained from the same individual to which they will be reimplanted
Allogeneic cells come from the body of a donor of the same species.
Xenogeneic cells are these isolated from individuals of another species.
Syngeneic or isogenic cells are isolated from genetically identical organisms.

6. Scaffolds
Cells are often implanted into these because they offer three dimensional structure to support tissue growth
Scaffolds can provide at least one of the following needs for cells
1. Allow cell attachment and migration
2. Deliver and retain cells and biochemical factors
3. Enable diffusion of vital cell nutrients and expressed products
4. Exert certain mechanical and biological influences to modify the behavior of the cell phase

7. Materials
Scaffolds need to be made with Biodegradable substances so that it body could accept the implant.
Common material is PLA (polylatic acid)
This polyester degrades within the human body to form lactic acid

8. Bioreactors
The purpose of a bioreactor is to create an artificial environment in order to promote cell or tissue growth in vivo

9. Why this is useful
Between 1987 and 1989 over 4,166 liver transplants were performed
After 5 years the costs for survivors and those 1,887 patients who died came to $960 million
Estimates for an artificial liver plus surgical procedures came to $50,000 with follow cost of 2,000 per year for the 5 year period
The total cost for that period would be $250 million and the patients have a higher chance of survival and better quality of life

10. Work Cited
"Medscape Log In." Medscape Log In. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb <
"Tissue Engineering." Tissue Engineering. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb <
"Discovery of Cells and the Developmwnt of Cell Theory." Discovery of Cells and the Developmwnt of Cell Theory. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb <
"Tissue Engineering." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 20 Feb Web. 24Feb <
"Tissue Engineering." Tissue Engineering. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb <